Fragrances citrus oils

Citrus Fix Citrus fragrances Citrus juices Citrus odor Citrus oils... 

The flavour and fragrance business has always been very research driven and innovative. All larger companies spend about 7-8% of their total sales per annum on research and development. They all have large research centres, usually centred in their headquarters, as well as development and innovation centres around the globe. The general focus of their research is on new products, offering better performance at the lowest cost. This can be new molecules but also a new technique to concentrate (fold) a citrus oil, or a new way to encapsu-... 

Citrus oil dominates this class of essential oil. It is obtained by the cold press method with the exception of lime oil, which is also prepared by steam distillation of essential oil separated during the production of juice.106,107 Aside from bergamot, these oils are primarily monoterpene hydrocarbon mixtures of which (if)-limonene (3) is usually the dominant compound. Since odor contribution of this monoterpene compound is low, it is often removed by distillation or repeated solvent extraction. The resulting oil rich in odor-active compounds is called terpeneless oil and is used extensively. In the case of bergamot and lemon oils, psoralen derivates like bergaptene (64) causing photosensitivity are problematic, and those for fragrance use are rectified to remove it (Table 8). 

The citrus oils are important because of their practical applications as flavour and fragrance materials in the food and cosmetic industries. 

D-Limonene can be absorbed through the skin after application of citrus oils, perfumes, soaps, and other fragranced personal care products, and through skin contact with citrus-based cleaning products. 

While most perfumers employ raw citrus or petitgrain oils for usage in fragrance applications (solubility in alcoholic fragrances is sufficient and no thermal stress is required for fragrance applications), the usage of concentrated citrus oils is often called for in the food industry. Applications in beverages and foods require more sophisticated properties as far as solubility and stability are concerned. 

The epoxidation of terpenic substrates is of interest in the flavor and fragrance industry [55,56]. Terpenes are derivatives of isoprene, which has formula CsHg (2-methyl-frans-butadiene). There are tens of examples of terpenes, including limonene, a-pinene, geraniol, citronellol, myrcene, ocimene, camphene, a-terpin-eol, menthol, and isopugelol. Limonene is an abundant monoterpene extracted from citrus oil, which can be epoxidized to obtain fragrances, perfumes, and... 

CH3(CH2)10CHO, C12H240, Mt 184.32, hpU3 k,a 185 °C, df 0.8352, rag°1.4350, is a colorless liquid with a waxy odor in high dilution it is reminiscent of violets. Dodecanal occurs in several citrus oils and has been found in small amounts in essential oils obtained from several Pinus species. It is used in perfumery in conifer fragrances with fatty-waxy notes, but also in many other odor types. It is added to aroma compositions to obtain citrus notes. 

The A. C,-C,2 occur in many essential oils, especially in citrus oils, coriander, caraway (C, and C9) and rose oil (C,-C o), as well as in traces in many aromas Their odors are described as orange-like (Cj), fatty-flowery, citrus-like (C,), fatty orange-like (C,o), flowery-fatty, rose-like (C,), and flowery-waxy, when highly diluted violet-like (0,2). Apart from citrus aromas Cg-C 2-A. are mainly used in perfumery for fragrances with an emphasis on aldehyde odors, e.g., of the Chanel No. 5 type. 

Bisabolenes. ,51124, Mr 204.36. Mixture of isomeric sesquiterpenes in various plant oils, e.g. bergamot and citrus oil, which find use as fragrances. 

Inhalation of citrus-based aromas Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)) or fragrances were found to restore stress-induced immunosuppression (Shibata et al. 1990) and antidepressant-like effects in rats (2 mL/min EO in the air ux) (Komori et al. 1995a). A clinical study with depressed patients revealed that inhaling a mixture of citrus oils was capable of reducing the needed antidepressant doses moreover, inhalation of the oil by itself was antidepressive and normalized neuroendocrine hormone levels (cortisol and DA) in depressive patients (Komori et al. 1995b). Relevant to these ndings, inhaled lemon oil Citrus limonum Risso (Rutaceae)) has been shown to increase the turnover of DA and serotonin after inhalation in mice (Komiya et al. 2006). 

One of the most prominent MT-hydrocarbons is (+)-limonene, which occurs in nearly every EO of the citrus oils and is a major compound (up to 97 % [11]) in sweet orange oil (from the peel of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, syn. Citrus aurantium var. sinensis). Its odor is reminiscent of the typical sweet orange flavor, whereas its antipode (-)-limonene possesses an odor that recalls turpentine [12]. Sweet orange oil achieves its main importance in the flavor and food industry because it is easily obtainable (yield 5 % [11]) and due to its pleasant odor, which is accepted by everyone and is caused by the character impact compound [13] (+)-limonene. In the past, the use of (+)-limonene has experienced a great expansion. Besides its use in the food industry, it is used as flavor and fragrance additive in cosmetics, soaps, and perfumes, and also in medicine to mask the bitter taste of... 

Although terpene hydrocarbons, especially monoterpenes, are the most abundant constituents of citrus peels oil, they serve only as a flavor carrier and contribute little to flavor on their own (23). These terpenoid hydrocarbons are usually removed by deterpenation in order to increase the concentration of flavor and fragrance compounds. Furthermore, unsaturated hydrocarbons (terpenes) are unstable to heat and light, and may oxidize rapidly to produce undesirable off-flavor compounds that adversely affect the desirable aroma of products (24). Therefore, concentrated and deterpenated oils have become popular in the citrus oil market. 

L. is expressed from the ripe fruit peels of the - lemon tree and is, next to - orange oil, the most important citrus oil used in - flavors and fragrances. It is a yellow to greenish-yellow liquid with a fresh, yet sweet odor, which is truly reminiscent of the ripe lemon peel. It has a moderate tenacity. The oil is either directly collected from freshly scraped fruit peels or taken from the surface of the pulp/juice mix after expression of the whole fruit. 

Citrus Family. This is a popular fragrance group noted for its refreshing brisk quaUty. Lemon, lime, orange, and bergamot are important ingredients. These oils combine well with lavender and amber accords. 

CH3(CH2)iiCHO, C13H26O, Mr 198.34, i pijkPa 128 °C, df 0.8356, nf 1.4384, occurs in lemon oil and has been identified as a volatile constituent of cucumber. It is a colorless liquid having a fatty-waxy, slightly citrus-like odor. Addition of tridecanal to fragrance compositions imparts fresh nuances in the top note as well as in the dry out. 

C12H22O2, Mr 198.30, Z PlOl.SkPa 240 °C, d 0.8901, Wp 1.4515, occurs in many essential oils either as one of its optical isomers or as the racemate. The odor of racemic citronellyl acetate differs little from that of the optical isomers. ( )-Citronellyl acetate is a liquid with a fresh-fruity rose odor. It is often used as a fragrance, for example, for rose, lavender, and geranium notes as well as for eau de cologne with citrus nuances. Since it is relatively stable to alkali, it can be used in soaps and detergents. Citrus flavors acquire speciflc character through the addition of citronellyl acetate it is also used to round off other fruit flavors. 

Mondello, L., Casilli, A., Tranchida, P.Q., Dugo, R, Dugo, G. (2005) Comprehensive two-dimensional GC for the analysis of citrus essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J. 20 136-140. 

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