Foxtail millet

Asharani et al. (2010) compared the antioxidant activity (measured as a-tocopherol units per gram) of methanolic extracts from different varieties of finger millet ( . coracana), little millet (P. sumatrense), foxtail millet (S. italica), and proso millet (P. miliaceum). Extracts from ragi averaged 15.3 0.6 while those of little millet, foxtail millet, and proso millet were 4.7 1.1,5.0 0.4, and 5.1 0.8, respectively. The total tocopherols in these millets were 4.1 0.2,1.3 0.2,1.2 0.008, and 3.6 0.1 mg/lOOg flour. 

Malleshi, N. G., Desikachar, H. S. R., and Tharanathan, R. N. (1986a). Free sugars and non starchy polysaccahrides of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and their malts. Food Chem. 20, 253-261. 

Wankhede, D. B., Shenaz, A., and Rahgavendra, R. (1979). Preparation and physicochemical properties of starches and their fractions from finger millet (Eleusine coracna) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Starch 31,153-159. 

Setaria italica (foxtail millet) (Poaceae) [seed] Setaria FMTI-II (67 aa 7 kDa 10 Cys) Trypsin (K16-S17) [278]... 

Setana FMTI-II FMTI-III Setaria italica (foxtail millet) TRY... 

Triazine resistance found in one plant of the wild green foxtail was transferred to the cultivated foxtail millet to improve weed control in this crop (47). Growing foxtail millet with atrazine resistant cytoplasm in areas infested with green foxtail may result in the fertilization of some florets of cultivated spikes by pollen from wild plants. This is likely to occur close to the border of a field, where wild plants grow, as well as within a field where some plants survived herbicide applications. Spontaneous hybridizations lead to less than 0.01% hybrids of the crop (unpublished data), and nearly 0.2% of the wild plants (45). 

Because harvest machines leave a small proportion of grain on the soil and foxtail millet yield is more than 10s grains/ha, it is highly probable that resistant hybrid seeds will be released in the soil. 

The behavior of hybrid plants and their descendants will depend on seed viability, predation and germintion, plant survival from herbicide or crop competition, fertility, and gene exchanges within the weed population. Preliminary estimates lead us to think that the risk of having resistant weeds is not acceptable. Therefore, it is necessary to start a breeding program to produce a tetraploid resistant foxtail millet that reduces the chance of having viable hybrids between the crop and the weed. 

Prolamin, the major storage protein from selected varieties of foxtail millet (Setaria italica ( ) beauv) [510]... 

The heterocyclic analogs of EL-107 showed interesting herbicidal activity as preplant incorporated (PPI) and surface applied (SA) materials (Table). At high rates (8 Ib/acre) they showed postemergence activity. When preplant incorporated and surface applied, these compounds were best described as broadleaf herbicides most effective on redroot pigweed, jimsonweed, nightshade, and mustard. Some degree of foxtail millet control was seen at 0.5 to 1.0 Ib/acre. Crop safety was seen on the cereals and corn. 

FIGURE 1.4 (Continued) Pictures of inflorescences of cereal grains (i) pearl millet (courtesy of Dr. John Taylor) (j) foxtail millet (courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, www.bugwood.org). 

Foxtail millet is possibly one of the oldest grain crops. Its name is due to the characteristic panicle that resembles the tail of a fox. It is especially important in China, Japan, and India. Its cultivation in China dates to 3000 BC. On the other hand, Proso or common millet (P. miliaceum) appears to be even older. It originated in Manchuria, and first appeared as a crop in Transcaucasia and China around 5000 BC. It has been reportedly found in Neolithic sites in Georgia and East China. It is extensively cultivated in India, China, Russia, Ukraine, Middle East, Turkey, and Rumania. Proso is considered one of the most drought-resistant millets. It is documented that Proso continued to be used as bread grain in Europe until medieval times. The kernels are small (2-3 mm) and can be cream, yellow, orange-red, or brown in color. Kernels are usually traditionally milled into flours for preparation of a wide array of traditional foods. Today, Proso millet is also of economic importance in developed countries becanse of its use for birdseed (National Research Council 1996). 

FIGURE 2.1 (Continued) Photographs of the major cereals (g) oats (covered caryopsis) (h) triti-cale (naked caryopsis) (i) pearl millet (naked caryopsis) (j) foxtail millet (naked caryopsis) (k) finger millet (naked caryopsis) (1) Proso millet (naked caryopsis). (Photographs of pearl, foxtail, finger, and Proso millets are courtesy of C. McDonough and L.W. Rooney, Texas A M University.)... 

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