Proso millet

Wunderlich, B. (1973)."Macromolecular Physics," Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY. Yanez, G. A., Walker, C. E., and Nelson, L. A. (1991). Some chemical and physical properties of proso millet (Panicum milliaceum) starch. J. Cereal Sci. 13, 299-305. 

Asharani et al. (2010) compared the antioxidant activity (measured as a-tocopherol units per gram) of methanolic extracts from different varieties of finger millet ( . coracana), little millet (P. sumatrense), foxtail millet (S. italica), and proso millet (P. miliaceum). Extracts from ragi averaged 15.3 0.6 while those of little millet, foxtail millet, and proso millet were 4.7 1.1,5.0 0.4, and 5.1 0.8, respectively. The total tocopherols in these millets were 4.1 0.2,1.3 0.2,1.2 0.008, and 3.6 0.1 mg/lOOg flour. 

Putnam and Duke (115) screened for phytotoxicity in seed sources from 526 accessions of cucumber and found 3% of the accessions inhibited the indicator species, proso millet (Paniaum mctCaceum L.) and white mustard (BAa tZca. hittXa Moench), by more than 75%. In the field, some accessions reduced weed populations more than 50%, but less weed suppression occurred under periods of increased rainfall... 

Location Not Previously Treated With EPTC. Studies conducted in 1978 and 1979 demonstrated that EPTC at both 4.5 and 6.7 kg ai/ha application rates provided effective wild proso millet control in sweet corn grown on soils not previously treated with that herbicide (Table I). Because of the prolonged period of millet germination and the short soil persistence of EPTC, millet control 95 days after treatment (DAT) was substantially less than 45 DAT. However, these late-season millet escapes did not cause sweet corn yield reductions. Applying EPTC with cyanazine slightly improved late-... 

Table I. Early- and late-season wild proso millet control and sweet corn yields resulting from first-time herbicide treatments...

Table II. Wild proso millet control and sweet corn yields from herbicide treatments on soil previously treated with EPTC...

Six-vear Herbicide Rotation Study. Mean wild proso millet control obtained in a study conducted from 1984 to 1989 is summnrized in Table IV. Since the field had been treated with 6.7 kg/ha EPTC in 1983, enhanced EPTC biodegradation presumably was present from the beginning of the study. When applied with cyanazine annually over the six-year period, EPTC and EPTC plus dietholate provided only 46 and 64% millet control, respectively. Laboratory studies confirmed that this poor millet control was due to enhanced biodegradation of the active ingredient (Harvey, R. G. Weed Sci.. in press). Every other year and every third year applications of EPTC plus cyanazine and EPTC with dietholate plus cyanazine provided 83 and 86, and 88 and 91% millet control, respectively. Rotating EPTC plus cyanazine or EPTC plus dietholate plus cyanazine treatments with applications of cycloate plus cyanazine, or alachlor plus cyanazine reduced the... 

Table IV. Wild proso millet control with EPTC and EPTC with dietholate in a six-year herbicide rotation study...

Dietholate Versus SC-0058. Effectiveness of the extenders dietholate and SC-0058 (experimental extender currently being investigated by ICI Americas Inc.) to prevent reductions in wild proso millet control due to enhanced biodegradation was evaluated. The combined results of three separate tests including plots treated annually for three-year periods with the respective herbicide -extender combinations are presented in Table V. Even after three consecutive applications, 6.7 kg/ha EPTC plus 1.1 kg ai/ha SC-0058 provided 85% millet control 40 DAT. The same rates of EPTC plus dietholate provided only 73% millet control 40 DAT. Use of SC-0058 also resulted in 45% greater sweet corn yields. Thus SC-0058 is more effective than dietholate in preventing enhanced EPTC... 

Tests established in fields with previous applications of EPTC + dietholate have demonstrated that the repeated use of EPTC + dietholate provided only 78, 40, and 80% of wild proso millet, woolly cupgrass [Eriochloa villosa (Thumb.) Kunth], or green foxtail Setaria viridis L.), respectively] (Table VII). Two other trials with EPTC + dietholate have confirmed that second year use at 6.7 kg ai/ha provided only 56 to 70% wild proso millet control at 42 DAT (Table VIII). These results agree with observations reported in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin (7,31-33). 

Waterloo,WI Wild proso millet Marksville,WI Woolly cupgrass —(%> Guelph,ND Green Foxtail... 

Wild Proso Millet Control in EPTC + dietholate History Fields with Silty Clay Loam or Loam Soils, Waterloo, WI Treatments applied May 4, 1988 and May 3, 1989 Both Fields treated one year previously with EPTC + dietholate... 

Because the repeated annual use of EPTC + dietholate resulted in reduced control of wild proso millet, woolly cupgrass, and shattercane and because conflicting results were obtained with giant foxtail, alternate extenders were evaluated which could increase the performance of EPTC and provide consistent weed control with repeated annual use. Several extenders were provided for evaluation by Stauffer Chemical Company in 1984 and 1985. A review of the efficacy of these extenders is contained in Harvey et.al (4). 

Further studies at the University of Wisconsin since 1985 demonstrated that 5 consecutive annual applications of EPTC + R251005 maintained wild proso millet control at acceptable levels. EPTC and EPTC + dietholate demonstrated reduced control with repeated use in the same experiment (R. G. Harvey, personal communication). 

R251005 at 6.7 + 1.1 kg ai/ha provided significantly better wild proso millet control than EPTC + dietholate on EPTC + dietholate-history soils during 1988 and 1989 (Table VIII). 

A fmctan. See Fructans, F-43. Isol. from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Panicum miliaceum (proso millet). Cryst. 

FIGURE 1.4 (Continued) Pictures of inflorescences of cereal grains (k) Proso millet (courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, www.bugwood.org) (1) finger millet (courtesy of Dr. John Taylor). 

Foxtail millet is possibly one of the oldest grain crops. Its name is due to the characteristic panicle that resembles the tail of a fox. It is especially important in China, Japan, and India. Its cultivation in China dates to 3000 BC. On the other hand, Proso or common millet (P. miliaceum) appears to be even older. It originated in Manchuria, and first appeared as a crop in Transcaucasia and China around 5000 BC. It has been reportedly found in Neolithic sites in Georgia and East China. It is extensively cultivated in India, China, Russia, Ukraine, Middle East, Turkey, and Rumania. Proso is considered one of the most drought-resistant millets. It is documented that Proso continued to be used as bread grain in Europe until medieval times. The kernels are small (2-3 mm) and can be cream, yellow, orange-red, or brown in color. Kernels are usually traditionally milled into flours for preparation of a wide array of traditional foods. Today, Proso millet is also of economic importance in developed countries becanse of its use for birdseed (National Research Council 1996). 

FIGURE 2.1 (Continued) Photographs of the major cereals (g) oats (covered caryopsis) (h) triti-cale (naked caryopsis) (i) pearl millet (naked caryopsis) (j) foxtail millet (naked caryopsis) (k) finger millet (naked caryopsis) (1) Proso millet (naked caryopsis). (Photographs of pearl, foxtail, finger, and Proso millets are courtesy of C. McDonough and L.W. Rooney, Texas A M University.)... 

The cereals known collectively as millets are a set of highly variable small seeded genus and species that are well adapted to grow under low soil fertility, low moisture, and hot environmental conditions. Millets are usually planted as subsistence crops in Africa and Asia. They are of value especially in semiarid regions because of their short growing season. Pearl millet is the most popular, and is widely produced in India and parts of Africa. Finger millet is popular in East Africa and India, whereas Foxtail and Proso are common in the Near East and China. In the western hemisphere, Proso millet is grown as a catch crop and for production of birdseed. 

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