Fourier transmission microscopy FTIR

In the author s opinion, the better approach to experimentally study the morphology of the silica surface is with the help of physical adsorption (see Chapter 6). Then, with the obtained, adsorption data, some well-defined parameters can be calculated, such as surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution. This line of attack (see Chapter 4) should be complemented with a study of the morphology of these materials by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), or atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the characterization of their molecular and supramolecular structure by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, thermal methods, and possibly with other methodologies. 

Although they may be part of a catalyst testing [1-3] programme, investigations focused on revealing the reaction mechanism, such as in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in transmission or reflection mode, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy (EM), electron spin resonance (ESR), and UV-visible (UV-vis) and the reaction cells used are not included. For the correct interpretation of the results, however, this chapter may also provide a worthwhile guide. 

The apparatus used for IR microscopy is a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled on-line with an optical microscope. The microscope serves to observe the sample in white light at significant magnification for the purpose of determining its morphology, as well as to select the area for analysis. The spectrometer, on the other hand, enables study of the sample by transmission or reflection measurement for the purpose of determining the chemical composition. It also provides information about the microstructure and optical properties (orientation) of the sample. It is possible to apply polarised light both in the observation of the sample and in spectrometric measurements. 

Microscopic visualization techniques have also been used to investigate mucus-polymer interactions. Transmission electron microscopy was used by Fiebrig et al., whereas different microscopical techniques were used by Lehr et al. for the visualization of mucoadhesive interfaces. Transmission electron microscopy in combination with near-field Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) has been shown to be suitable for investigating the adhesion-promoting effect of polyethyleneglycol added in a hydrogel. Moreover, scanning force microscopy may be a valuable approach to obtain information on mucoadhesion and specific adhesion phenomena. ... 

Metal oxide and hydroxide systems serve many functions, including roles as pigments, in mineralogy, and also in catalysis. The classic techniques used in such investigations have included diffraction (especially X-ray diffraction XRD), thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy (see also Chapters 2 and 4). Until the introduction of voltammetry in the analysis of immobilized microparticles, electrochemical studies had been confined to solid electrolyte cells (Chapter 12), normally functioning at elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, these studies proved to be inapplicable for analytical characterization, and consequently a series of systematic studies was undertaken using immobilized microparticles of iron oxides and oxide-hydrates (for reviews, see... 

Micro and chemical structural analysis, including porosity, bonding, coking X-ray diffraction (XRD) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Raman spectroscopy Small probe molecule volumetric and gravimetric adsorption... 

Characterize new electrocatalysts by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in-situ fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. 

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro Raman scattering, Fourier transform inftaied (FTIR) spectrometry, Rutherford back scattering (RBS) studies and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) have been carried out to obtain micro-structural and compositional properties of the diamond/p-SiC nanocomposite films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and indentation studies have been carried out to obtain film properties on the tribological and mechanical front. 

The chemical structure of the two polymers can be characterized by several techniques Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) x-ray diffraction (XRD) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) mass spectroscopy (MS) ultraviolet spectrometry (UV) and electron scanning for chemical analysis (ESCA). The chemical structure of the two polymers can be analyzed by IR, NIR, or various types of NMR spectroscopy. Determining the structure of chitin and chitosan usually requires the application of combination of various methods. The combination of IR, NIR, and various techniques of NMR give ample information on the chemical structure. IR, NIR, and various types of NMR are less sensitive than that of other quantitative analysis such as UV, HPLC, GC, and MS. 

Chapter 3, by Chen and collaborators, concentrates on the spectroscopic investigation of the SEI layer on anodes as well as cathodes of LIBs, including the nanometer-sized SnO anode, and the nano-MgO modified LiCoOa cathode. The effect of nano scaled materials on the performance of LIBs is well discussed using combination of spectral techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 

Recent advances in the preparation of ceria-based gold catalysts for hydrogen production by the WGS and PROX reactions are reviewed in this chapter. Considerable emphasis is placed on the catalyst characterization by a number of physicochemical methods X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The relation between the structure, properties, and catalytic activity, as well as the nature of the active sites is also discussed. 

Recently, Liu and his groups combined XRD, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy/transmission electronic microscopy, AFM, and computer simulations, to examine the hierarchical structures of both silkworm and spider silks [34-36]. 

The morphology and component distribution were performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (FBI make, model QUANTA-2000), transmission electron microscopy (JEOL make, model 2000FX), atomic force microscopy (Molecular Imaging Ltd., USA, model Pico Scan). The functional groups present in composite materials were evaluated by spectroscopic absorption study in Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) analyzer (Broker make, model Vector 22). 

The 11 nm-sized Ti02 were crystallized using either hydrothermal or thermal methods from 100 nm, amorphous gel spheres. The Ti02 crystal and agglomerate sizes were determined by X-ray diffraction (Philip 1080) and transmission electron microscopy (JEOL JEM 2010), respectively. The surface area and chemistry of the nanostructured Ti02 were analyzed by nitrogen physisorption (Coulter SA 3100) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin-Elmer GX 2000). Metal catalyst was deposited by incipient... 

The products obtained are determined by the energy spectrum for the compositions, mainly for the Ca/P mole ratio, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy with the Fourier transformation intra-red spectrophotometer (FTIR) of Type Nicolet 51 OP made by Nicolet Co., thermal analysis on a thermo- gravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) of Type ZRY-2P, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis with the X-ray diffractometer of Type XD-5 made by Shimadzu Co., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the transmission electron mirror microscope of Type JEM-100SX type made by JEOL Co. 

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