Foundation Design Considerations

Satisafactory compressor installations many times depend on how well the foundation or support structure was designed. An inadequate foundation design can result in equipment damage due to excessive vibration. The money saved by cutting comers on foundation design effort may be spent many times in costs associated with high maintenance and lost production. 

Due to the basic design of the compressor, its rotating and reciprocating masses produce inertia forces and moments tha cannot be completely eliminated and must be absorbed by the foundation. The manufacturer has the ability to minimize the magnitude of these forces and moments by adding counterweights to the crossheads but cannot totally eliminate them. 

For complex offshore structures or where foundations may be critical, finite-element analysis computer programs with dynamic simulation capability erm be used to evaluate foundation natural frequency and the forced vibration response. 

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Where an under-slung condenser has been specified, the provision of a basement to the engine room offers the attraction of compactness at the expense of enhanced civil works, while alternatively, the specification of pannier condensers can obviate the need for a basement and will simplify the foundation design, but will considerably increase the floor area requirements. The condensing plant itself consists essentially of banks of tubes through which cooling water flows and around which exhausted steam from the turbine is condensed to form a vacuum. Such tubes have traditionally been made of brass, but where severe corrosion conditions exist, cupro-nickel is sometimes used. 

The documentation should include the basic process knowledge and design considerations that form the foundation for facility design and operation. Prior to design, it is essential that this documentation be as complete as possible, since the identification and control of chemical reactivity hazards will be developed from this information. As subsequent knowledge is obtained or developed as a result of process or technology modification, it should also be incorporated into the documentation and carefully reviewed. 

Design considerations include the proximity to other metallic structures and existing CP systems, the type of grounding, the estimated remaining service life of the tank, the type and temperature of the stored product, the amount of product stored, the cycling rates, the method of tank bottom plate construction, the type of tank foundation, the type of secondary containment, if any, and the backfill soil characteristics. 

Ultimately, the owner benefits from lower bids, better job relations, fewer extras and the absence of lawsuits. Crawford (1962) states that the selection and design of foundations for a structure are as important as all other design considerations. It is just as important to know the properties of soils, as it is to know the properties of the materials in the superstructure. He further states that... 

In recent times, investigations utilizing penetrometer methods have received considerable attention in virtually all areas of the world. Interest has been generated by developing awareness that direct relationships between penetrometer results and foundation design have been formulated. 

The headframe foundation design required additional design consideration as many of the new headframe columns were within the confines of the existing headframe. A construction plan, known as The early works program , was developed to allow as much of the construction to be performed prior to removal of the existing headframe tower. The operators/power room to the north and part of the west collar house foundation was constructed, thus greatly reducing construction schedule. The west collar house was also removed to allow access to construct the new collar house and headframe to the west of the shaft. The bin house foundation was... 

In addition to the standard consideration of axial and lateral foundation capacity, load-deflection characteristics, settlement, slope stability, and earth pressures, there are a number of subsurface conditions that can affect foundation design and performance. Those conditions include the following ... 

Basic Foundation Design Requirements Basic Geotechnical Considerations Definitions Types of Shallow Foundations... 

Therefore, in both WSD and LRFD service limit state design considerations must be given to limit the total settlement to the same predetermined value or the permissible settlement limit (Sp, ) at each support irrespective of the footing size and the foundation soil conditions. This is achieved by first evaluating the maximum equivalent uniform contact stress (qX or q that can be applied on the footing without exceeding the specified permissible settlement limit (Sp ), as shown in Figure 8.5. Thus, for WSD,... 

Development of optimum sizes for tanks and dikes comes through trial and error. Considerations include the availabiliw of real estate, the po.ssible use of standard-sized tanks for. smaller capacities, and the nature of potential foundation design problems caused by early tank-size seleaions. The de.signer should refer to API 12F for standardized shop-fabricated tank sizes. Larger field-fabricated storage tanks must be sized to suit each site. 

Expertise In fortification informed Roman foundation design. Arches were inverted to distribute point loads of bridge or vault piers evenly into the ground layers. The near bi-lateral symmetry of this design within the gravity half-space that we all occupy indicates an equality of consideration for all the parts of structure. 

When using partial sleeves, shear should not be transmitted via anchor bearing unless the sleeves are filled with grout to assure a proper bearing surface at the top-of-concrete elevation. See 3.3.3 through 3.3.5 for a detailed discussion of the design considerations associated with the transfer of shear from the attachment to the foundation. 

Buckling instability under the interaction of axial and lateral loads can be a more critical design consideration because of its sudden nature and sensitivity to imperfection see, for example. Dash et al. (2010). More recently, Bhattacharya et al. (2009) included the effects of dynamics on the combined axial and lateral loads on a pile foundation. Essentially, piles in liquefied soils may be better regarded as columns carrying lateral loads rather than laterally loaded beams. 

In chapters 6 through 8,1 concentrate in considerable detail on two research schools that sought to unify organic chemistry and physical chemistry with theoretical foundations built on the ion and electron theory. These schools are loosely designated the "Paris" and the "London-Manchester" schools, where "school" connotes a network of personal and professional associations over several generations at the Ecole Normale Superieure, in the first case, and at London University and the University of Manchester, in the second case. 

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