Other Design Considerations

The collapse pressure of a GFRP pipe having no stiffener may be computed by the following equation (Ragab and Bayoumi, 1998)  

For the cases when a pipe should need ribs, its bnckling capacity can be calculated by the following equation (DNV, 2010)  

It should be noted that the above equation is valid when the pipe has a symmetric lay-up and the following condition is satisfied  

A more elaborate equation for calculating the buckling capacity of pipe, accounting for the liquid buoyancy and base flexibility, can be found in the Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual produced by the American Water Works Association (AWWA, 1996). 

As discnssed earlier, in comparison to steel pipes, a GFRP pipe with the same thickness as the steel pipe would have lower stiffness, as well as other differences in its mechanical and physical properties that must be considered in practical situations. For instance, dne to the relatively more flexible nature of GFRP (in comparison to steel pipes), the support span wonld be shorter than those specified for steel pipes. In addition, since their tensile strength is relatively lower than that of steel, the consideration of longitudinal load induced by thermal loads, long snpport span, heavy valves and water hanuner must be carefully considered when GFRP pipes are nsed. For instance, heavy 

Sharing of structures, systems and components between reactors 

Structures, systems and components important to safety shall generally not be shared between two or more reactors in nuclear power plants. If in exceptional cases such stmctmes, systems and components important to safety are shared between two or more reactors, it shall be demonstrated that all safety requirements are met for all reactors under all operatiorral states (including maintenance) and in design basis accidents. In the event of a severe accident involving one of the reactors, an orderly shutdown, cooling down and removal of residiral heat shall be achievable for the other reactor(s). 

All systems within a nuclear power plant that may contain fissile or radioactive materials shall be designed to ertsitre adequate safety in operatiorral states and in design basis acciderrts. 

Power plants used for cogeneration, heat generation or desalination 

Nuclear power plarrts coupled with heat utilization units (such as for district heating) arrd/or water desalirration urrits shall be designed to prevent transport of 

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These are the basic maximum ratings that a current-carrying conductor can carry under ideal operating conditions. They are influenced by the service conditions and other design considerations, a.s discussed in Section 28.5. Apply suitable derating factors to arrive at the actual current ratings of these conductors under actual operating conditions. 

Introduction Types of metal-enclosed bus systems Design parameters and service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects Service conditions Other design considerations Skin effect Proximity effect Sample calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolaled phase aluminium busbar systern... 

While most peptides can be cyclized in a head-to-tail fashion, only certain sequences can potentially form (3-sheet structures within a (3-sheet/(3-turn framework. In many of the designed peptides the two type II (3-tums using the D-Tyr-Pro sequence have been retained and have modified and/or elongated the (3-strand positions between the two turns. Other design considerations for maintaining (3-sheet structure within such a scaffold include the following ... 

In addition to potency, other design considerations that may need to be incorporated in the stability protocol for various dosage forms include the following ... 

It may be useful first to consider the minimum acceptable thickness for a film. Although the thinnest films are inherently unlikely to have long lives, there may well be cases in which other design considerations limit the film thickness which can be accommodated. The minimum desirable thickness will obviously depend on the roughness of the substrate and the counterface. Dayson has shown that very thin films increase in friction as film thickness decreases due to an increasing degree of asperity penetration of the film. 

The thermal design and some aspects of the mechanical design of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger are empirically based, as discussed above. However, there are many criteria for mechanical selection [5], many experience-based criteria that can avoid or minimize operating problems [155], and other design considerations such as identification of thermodynamic irreversibilities [15, 110], thermoeconomic considerations [111], system optimization, and process integration [112], In industrial applications, thermoeconomic optimization should be... 

Care had to be taken that the conductivity electrode was at the same temperature as the reactor bath and that the reagents were preheated to the bath temperature before being combined at the entrance to the reactor. Various other design considerations were taken into account, as they must be in each new reactor. 

Based on the design model, customer requirements, platform requirements, costs, and other design considerations, the following specifications were developed. 

Ultimately, the owner benefits from lower bids, better job relations, fewer extras and the absence of lawsuits. Crawford (1962) states that the selection and design of foundations for a structure are as important as all other design considerations. It is just as important to know the properties of soils, as it is to know the properties of the materials in the superstructure. He further states that... 

HUMAN FACTORS Design for optimal operator performance OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Sharing of structures, systems and components between reactors... 

C. Other Design Considerations. A rectifier installation, whether diode- or thyristor-based, comprises a number of elements in each branch of the circuit. Normal practice is to provide redundant elements in every branch, so that failure of a single element will not reduce output. Failure of a second element will begin to overload the other devices if the total output is not reduced. 

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