Research schools

One of us (W.L.F.A) owes a debt of gratitude to Dr Desmond (Des) J. Brown of the Research School of Chemistry, ANU, for unfailing support and advice over several decades and for providing data that was difficult to acquire not only for this edition but also for the previous four editions of this book. 

Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra,... 

He entered the University of Birmingham in 1926 and became a pupil of Professor W. N. Haworth [Adv. Carbohydr. Chem., 6 (1951) 1-9], who (at that time) was head of the department of chemistry. He made steady progress through the university curriculum and graduated in 1929. The Research School was organized on a team basis (Haworth s so-called syndicates) and he joined... 

Plant Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia. 

MARTIN E. R. SHANAHAN National Centre for Scientific Research/School of Mines Paris, Evry, France... 

Research/School of Mines Paris, Evry, France... 

The application of the Diffusion-Adsorption model to dating bone (by AP) was funded by a NERC grant to Robert Hedges at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology, University of Oxford. The U-series date profiles shown here were measured at the NERC U-series dating facility at Open University, and the laser ablation U-series profile was measured at the Research School for Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra in collaboration with Steve Eggins and Rainer Griin. 

Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra... 

Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia... 

RESEARCH SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CANBERRA, ACT, AUSTRALIA... 

Research School of Astronomy Astrophysics, Australian National University, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston ACT 2611, Australia... 

We thank the Dutch National Science Foundation (NWO-CW VICI and TOP grants) and the Research School Combination Catalysis (NRSC-C) for financial support. [1]... 

Internationa Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs at the University of Hamburg... 

My work and living was financed by the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, and during the last month also by the Max Buchner Research Foundation. Thank you very for your trust in me. Thank you also to the directors and coordinators of the IMPRS-MA for providing an intersting education program, which opened my mind for issues I never would got in touch with otherwise. 

At present, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jurgen Basedow and Prof. Dr. Ulrich Magnus serve as speakers of the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs at the University of Hamburg. 

The theoretical chemistry of a hundred years ago comes across as an exciting, vibrant activity, hotly disputed at the laboratory benches of the leading research schools. By comparison, present-day chemistry has very little by way of an innate theory to stimulate the experimentalist. Instead, the necessity of specialization dictates that theoretical pursuits be performed elsewhere and stimulate chemical research by some two-way flow of information. This cross-fertilization however, has dwindled gradually until it finally disappeared during the latter half of the twentieth century. That is why it is not uncommon today, to find synthetic chemists designing new advanced materials such as nano-structures or superconductors, in blissful ignorance of the basic theories that determine the behaviour of these systems. 

National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences,... 

The workshop was organized by the NRSC-Catalysis (National Research School Combination Catalysis) of The Netherlands within the framework of the activities of the EU Network of Excellence (NoE) IDECAT (Integrated Design of Catalytic Nanomaterials for a Sustainable Production). 

Over the past years, some symposia and colloquia groups have provided especially valuable insights at critical times, and I would like to thank colleagues at the New Trends in the History of Science conference in Utrecht in August 1986, the Beckman Center symposium, Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, in May 1990, the International Summer School in History of Science in Uppsala in June 1990, and the conference on research schools in New Haven in December 1990. 

Two Research Schools at the First Solvay Chemistry Conferences, 19221928," Annals of Science 46 (1989) ... 

Physics and Chemistry Commensurate or Incommensurate Sciences " The Invention of Physical Science Intersections of Mathematics, Theology and Natural Philosophy Since the Seventeenth Century. Essays in Honor of Erwin N. Hiebert, ed. Mary Jo Nye et al. (Dordrecht Kluwer, 1992) 105224 "National Styles Research Schools in French and English Chemistry, 18801930," Osiris [2]8 (1993) 3049 and "Philosophies of Chemistry since the Eighteenth Century," in Seymour Mauskopf, ed., Chemical Sciences in the Modern World (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, in press). I am grateful for permissions to publish materials previously published. 

Third, the electron theory of valence, cultivated mainly by Anglo-American physicists and physical chemists in the first two decades of the twentieth century, offered mechanical models for chemical affinity on the molecular level. These models combined data from structural chemistry with insights about physical mechanisms involving ions and electrons from the rapidly developing work of radiation physicists and spectroscopists. The further application of this third approach is the subject of chapters 6, 7, and 8, as it was developed by specific research schools in different national traditions and became part of the fundamental framework of the new subdiscipline of physical organic chemistry. 

In chapters 6 through 8,1 concentrate in considerable detail on two research schools that sought to unify organic chemistry and physical chemistry with theoretical foundations built on the ion and electron theory. These schools are loosely designated the "Paris" and the "London-Manchester" schools, where "school" connotes a network of personal and professional associations over several generations at the Ecole Normale Superieure, in the first case, and at London University and the University of Manchester, in the second case. 

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