Formulation of pesticide

Seaman, D. 1990. "Trends in the Formulation of Pesticides An Overview." Pesticide Science 29 437-49. 

In occupational settings, exposure to endosulfan is mainly via the dermal and inhalation routes. Although workers involved in the manufacture and formulation of pesticide products containing endosulfan are potentially exposed to high concentrations of the compound, actual exposure is probably limited by the use of engineering controls and personal protection equipment. The highest documented dermal and inhalation exposures have been reported for agricultural workers involved in the spray... 

Occupational Exposure during the Manufacture and Formulation of Pesticides. PHEW (NIOSH) No. 78-174 US-GP0, Washington, DC (1978), 429 pp., 343 refs., 5 appendices. Bidstrup, P., J.A. Bonnell and A. Beckett, "Paralysis following Poisoning by a New Organic Phosphorus Insecticide (Mipafox)", Brit. Med. J.(l) 1068-1072 (1953). As cited in ref. 164. 

HELCOM Recommendation 23.10.2002 Reduction of discharges and emissions from production and formulation of pesticides. 56-60. Helsinki (Finland) Adopted March 6, having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the Helsinki Convention. Annex 12. 

Pesticides are substances that repel, kill, or otherwise control unwanted animals or plants. Examples include insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. The formulation of pesticides is significant in terms of product stability and product perfor-... 

Furmidge, G.G.L. The application of flying-spot scanning to particle size analysis in the formulation of pesticides. Analyst. 1963, 88, 686. 

Dusts (D) have been the simplest formulations of pesticides to manufacture and the easiest to apply. Dusts are formulated for application in the diy form and with few exceptions, they should be used as purchased. 

Despite their ease in handling, formulation, and application, dnsts are the least effective and, ultimately, the least economical of the pesticide formnla-tions. The reason is that dusts have a very poor rate of deposit on foliage, nnless it is wet from dew or rain. In agricultnre, for instance, an aerial application of a standard dust formulation of pesticide will result in 10 percent to 40 percent of the material reaching the crop. The remainder drifts npward and downwind. 

The above sections show that an intelligent and scientific approach to formulation of pesticides can bring about significant improvements to the efficiency of their... 

The expansion of major oil companies and natural gas companies into the fertilizer field through mergers, acquisitions, or construction of new plants. Nearly one-half of these companies are now manufacturers/formulators of pesticides. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the formulation of pesticides used in the manufacture of flea powders, fly sprays, and moth-proofing agents used as an application on agricultural crops and livestock. 

OTHER COMMENTS used mainly as an immediate action rodenticide use in the formulation of pesticides used for the elimination of predators. 

Occupational Exposure During the Manufacture and Formulation of Pesticides. D. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (NIOSH), 1978. 

Previous research aimed at removing pesticide residues from contaminated fabrics has been directed at removal of a particular pesticide chemical and/or formulation of pesticide, with no effect toward comparing the pesticide residue s composition to that of common soil. Fabric selection for this study allowed a comparison of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers and the effect of fabric type on soil removal. Two fabrics were identified for the study. Denim was 100% cotton fabric of twill weave dyed with indigo dyes. This fabric was 14 ounce, comparable to the heavy weight denim found in jeans. The second fabric was Gore Tex, a three layer structure consisting of an outer layer of rip-stop nylon and an inner layer of nylon tricot laminated to a film. The film was a micro-porous, polymeric film or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Previous studies on pesticide penetration found Gore Tex to be impermeable to pesticides. Thermal comfort studies found it to be relatively comfortable, similar In comfort to the commonly worn denim jeans and a chambray shirt. 

El-Nahlal, Y. Undabeytia. T. Polubesova, T. Mishael. Y.G. Nir. S. Rubin, B. Organo-clay formulations of pesticides Reduced leaching and photodegradation. Appl. Clay Sci. 2001, 18. 309-326. 

Pesticides are substances that repel, kill or otherwise control unwanted animals or plants. Examples include insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. The formulation of pesticides is significant in terms of product stability and product performance. The current trend in crop protection is towards products that are more potent, safer to user, having less impact on the environment, more convenient to use and improved efficiency of the apphed product [85]. In the case of sprayed products, colloid and interface science impacts all aspects of apphcation. First, spray droplets impact the leaf surface, creating a fohar deposit from which the pesticide moves into the leaf or contacts the pest (see Figure 13.7) [85]. The spray pattern is influenced by the applicator nozzle hydrodynamics, the physical properties of the spray fluid and the movement of sprayer vehicle. 

Since incorporating starch into a hydrophobic matrix retards the starch degradation rate (2), it should be possible to use starch-plastic blends in lieu of the starch alone as controlled release formulation of pesticides. The release of pesticides which are either adsorbed to (Figure la) or covalently bonded to (Figure lb) the starch could be controlled primarily by the rate of starch degradation. 

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