Pesticides formulators

The main routes of release of endosulfan to soils are application of the compound to crops and land disposal of unused formulated pesticide products containing the compound. 

The test substance is generally defined as the formulated pesticide product which is being applied to a crop or field and for which worker exposure is being assessed. 

Verma, S.R., V. Kumar, and R.C. Dalela. 1981. Acute toxicity of three newly formulated pesticides to fish Mystus vittatus. Indian Jour. Environ. Health 23 215-221. 

As a result, hardware stores and nurseries-the traditional outlets for lawn care products have lost market share in chemical sales-and formulators have come to rely more heavily on a relatively smaller number of larger-scale customers home improvement and mass market retailers. A handful of North American retailers now account for most formulator pesticide sales, and mass sales and bulk wholesaling reduces formulator industry receipts as a result. Ten North American retailers account for 70% of sales from the Scotts Company, for example. Home Depot, Wal-Mart, Lowes, and the recently troubled Kmart provide 60% of sales, with Home Depot alone accounting for 28%. In fact, in 2003 Home Depot declared Scotts partner of the year. Competition among these retailers is intense, however. If any of these customers should falter, formulators will lose important outlets. 

Uses Organic synthesis vapor degreasing and cold cleaning solvent for fabricated metal parts textile processing aerosol propellants synthesis of fluoropolymers production of various coatings and inks may be ingredient in adhesives, cutting oils, and aerosol formulations pesticide. 

Figure 6. Degradation of 2,4-D ester plus the 2,4-D acid hydrolysis decomposition product with time in the presence of five other formulated pesticides. amount in soil and water 0, amount in water.

Inexpensive plastic garbage cans are satisfactory containment tmits for the disposal of small amounts of formulated pesticides. ... 

With the advent of modern fertilizers, seaweed fell out of use because of the ease of application of formulated pesticides and because the contamination of seaweed washed up on beaches with plastic waste (fishing lines and ropes, bottles, etc.). With the onset of green agriculture and the increasing demand for organically farmed produce, seaweed use as a fertilizer has come back into fashion. 

Deposits on leaf surfaces. Considerable ingenuity has been directed toward formulating pesticides so that they will adhere to leaves, and aerial spraying (especially from conventional aircraft) generally results in a large proportion of the spray remaining on the sunlit upper surfaces of the canopy. Comparatively little spray reaches the forest floor (2). 

Leaf surfaces. Photoreduction is a prominent reaction on leaf surfaces, with either formulation, pesticide, or the surface itself providing the necessary hydrogen atoms. For example, Sundstrom, et al. (15), reported the reductive dechlorination of a... 

Physicochemical Principles in Formulating Pesticides Relating to Biological Activity... 

Although ozonation is improved under UV light, it was found that the use of high initial concentrations of ozone (1000 mg Ir1) (without irradiation) was more effective than the combination UV/O3 to treat formulated pesticides like atrazine, alachlor, carbofuran, etc., because of the presence of large amounts of hydroxyl radical scavengers in the formulations [39]. 

The Committee recommended that, in cooperation with industry, FAO and WHO (WHOPES and IPCS) should develop procedures for joint evaluation of data and publication of specifications for technical and formulated pesticides. 

Dobrat W, Martijn A. Physico-chemical methods for technical and formulated pesticides. CIPAC Handbook, Vol. F. Cambridge, Black Bear Press, 1995. 

The three laws are enforced from regional laboratories where samples of formulated pesticides and raw and processed foods that have been collected are analyzed. Pesticide formulations are analyzed to see if they are properly labeled, i.e., they contain the pesticide in the amount claimed on the label. These analyses will also indicate whether other pesticides, i.e., adulterants, are present. Through complaints, accidents, and investigations of suspected violations, the government also receives information of any violation of FIFRA (Terriere, 1982). 

Table 3.2 Comparison of transfer of fresh dried formulated pesticide residues from floor covering by drag sled, PUF roller and human hand presses...

Knowles, D.A. (1995). Trends in the use of surfactants for pesticide formulations. Pesticide Outlook, 31-34. 

Over 500 formulated pesticides are listed in Tables 1 and 2. In order to provide usable information, these pesticides are organized into groups of pesticides with similar attributes and hazards. Each group was defined by these... 

The use of surfactants as adjuvants in formulating pesticides for application to plants is well known and is a fairly advanced science. It was surprising, therefore, to find that when the amount of these materials was substantially increased, some of them, alone, had impressive ripening properties. 

---