Formulation diluents

OTHER INGREDIENTS IN EPOXY FORMULATION Diluents, resinuous modifiers (to affect flexibility, toughness, peel strength, adhesion, etc.), fillers, colorants and dyes, other additives (e.g., rheological additives, flame retardants). 

Chem. Descrip. Dearomatized aliphatic hydrocarbon CAS 64742-47-8 EINECS/ELINCS 232-298-5 Uses Solvent for solv.-based architectural coatings and maintenance finishes, printing inks, cleaning and degreasing formulations diluent food-contact paper/paperboard, rubber articles Features Cost-effective no SARA reportables < 100 ppm HAPs improved solvency... 

Fig. 5 Mice vaccinated with different formulations (diluent, NiNLP alone, trE-His alone, or NINLP-trE-His) were challenged with 1000 ffu of live WNV NY99 and observed daily for 21 days. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicate that conjugation of trE-His to NiNLP improved its efficacy and better protects mice from the vims challenge. Eigure reproduced from [55].

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is used in elastomer production. As a solvent for the polymerization initiator, it finds appHcation in the manufacture of chlorohydrin mbber. Additionally, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is used as a catalyst solvent-activator and reactive diluent in epoxy formulations for a variety of apphcations. Where exceptional moisture resistance is needed, as for outdoor appHcations, furfuryl alcohol is used jointly with tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in epoxy adhesive formulations. 

Although the use of simple diluents and adulterants almost certainly predates recorded history, the use of fillers to modify the properties of a composition can be traced as far back as eady Roman times, when artisans used ground marble in lime plaster, frescoes, and po22olanic mortar. The use of fillers in paper and paper coatings made its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century. Functional fillers, which introduce new properties into a composition rather than modify pre-existing properties, were commercially developed eady in the twentieth century when Goodrich added carbon black to mbber and Baekeland formulated phenol— formaldehyde plastics with wood dour. 

Formulation. Compressed tablet formulations contain several types of inert, adjuvant ingredients necessary for proper preparation and therapeutic performance. Tablets designed to be swallowed need diluent, disintegrating, binding (adhesive), and lubricating inert ingredients, whereas... 

The specific solvents that make up the three solvency categories depend on the solute in question. For example, an aUphatic hydrocarbon may have adequate solvency for a long oil alkyd, but would be a diluent for an acryUc or vinyl resin, which require stronger solvents such as ketones or esters. The formulator must understand the solvency requirements of the solute to know which category a particular solvent would occupy. 

Formulator s Dilemma. The regulatory discussion included a listing of solvents designated as HAP compounds. Emissions of these solvents are to be significantly reduced. For many appHcations this means that less is to be allowed. In a situation where the allowed VOC emission levels are also being reduced, the formulator would like to use the most effective solvents available. In the past, MEK and MIBK were frequently used as active solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons as diluents. These solvents have been popular because they are cost-effective. 

Reformulating to reduce HAP solvents frequently means that solvent blend costs increase. The newer blends are generally not be as effective. For example, many coatings were usually formulated using ketones as the active solvents with aromatic hydrocarbons as diluents. This combination produced the most cost-effective formulations. However, when MEK, MIBK, toluene, and xylene became HAP compounds, less-effective solvents had to be used for reformulation. Esters are the most common ketone replacements, and aUphatic diluents would replace the aromatic hydrocarbons. In this situation, more strong solvent is required compared to the ketone/aromatic formulation and costs increase. The combination of reduced VOC emissions and composition constraints in the form of HAP restrictions have compHcated the formulator s task. 

Uses of lactose production by appHcation include baby and infant formulations (30%), human food (30%), pharmaceuticals (25%), and fermentation and animal feed (15%) (39). It is used as a diluent in tablets and capsules to correct the balance between carbohydrate and proteins in cow-milk-based breast milk replacers, and to increase osmotic property or viscosity without adding excessive sweetness. It has also been used as a carrier for flavorings. 

Other. Numerous other supercritical fluid processes and techniques have been and are continuing to be developed. The novel spray appHcation UNICARB uses supercritical CO2 to replace volatile diluents in coating formulations, thereby reducing the volatile organic compound emissions by up to 80% (128). Rapid expansion of CO2 iu the spray can also improve the quaUty of coatings, thus performance benefits are obtained in a process developed for environmental advantages. 

Pesticides. Many pesticides are highly concentrated and are in a physical form requiring further treatment to permit effective appHcation. Typically carriers or diluents are used (see Insectcontroltechnology). Although these materials are usually considered inert, they have a vital bearing on the potency and efficiency of the dust or spray because the carrier may consist of up to 99% of the final formulation. The physical properties of the carrier or diluent are of great importance in the uniform dispersion, the retention of pesticide by the plant, and in the preservation of the toxicity of the pesticide. The carrier must not, for example, serve as a catalyst for any reaction of the pesticide that would alter its potency. 

A great variety of resia formulations is possible because other thermosets, such as epoxies or acrylates, and reactive diluents, such as o-diaUyl phthalate [131-17-9] triaUyl cyanurate [101-37-17, or triaUyl isocyanurate [1023-13-6J, can be used to further modify the BT resias. The concept is very flexible because bismaleimide and biscyanate can be blended and copolymerized ia almost every ratio. If bismaleimide is used as a major constituent, then homopolymerization of the excess bismaleimide takes place ia addition to the copolymerization. Catalysts such as ziac octoate or tertiary amines are recommended for cure. BT resias are mainly used ia ptinted circuit and multilayer boards (58). 

Diluents are commonly used to reduce the viscosity of epoxy systems to aid handling, improve ease of appHcation, and to faciUtate higher filler loa ding to reduce formulation cost. This, however, is achieved at the expense of other properties. To achieve a balance of properties, careful selection of diluent is needed. Table 1 quaUtatively shows which diluent should be considered for minimal deterioration of properties. 

The epoxidised oils are seldom used in a cross-linked form as the products are rather soft and leathery. Exceptions to this are their occasional use as diluents for more viscous resins and some applications in adhesive formulations. 

Paraffin oil of high boiling point. Organic plasticizers (diluents) may reduce formulation cost as well as providing some special ease-of-use properties. 

An EB-curable struetural adhesive formulation usually eonsists of one or more crosslinkable oligomeric resins or prepolymers, along with such additives as reactive diluents, plasticizers, and wetting agents. The oligomer is an important component in terms of the development of mechanical properties. The adhesive and cohesive properties depend on the crosslink density, chemical group substitution, and molecular organization within the polymer matrix. Adhesion is achieved... 

The bacterial culture converts a portion of the supplied nutrient into vegetative cells, spores, crystalline protein toxin, soluble toxins, exoenzymes, and metabolic excretion products by the time of complete sporulation of the population. Although synchronous growth is not necessary, nearly simultaneous sporulation of the entire population is desired in order to obtain a uniform product. Depending on the manner of recovery of active material for the product, it will contain the insolubles including bacterial spores, crystals, cellular debris, and residual medium ingredients plus any soluble materials which may be carried with the fluid constituents. Diluents, vehicles, stickers, and chemical protectants, as the individual formulation procedure may dictate, are then added to the harvested fermentation products. The materials are used experimentally and commercially as dusts, wettable powders, and sprayable liquid formulations. Thus, a... 

Almost all urethane materials are synthesized without the use of solvents or water as diluents or earners and are referred to as being 100% solids. This is true of all foams and elastomers. There are many products, however, which do utilize solvents or water, and these are known as solvent-borne and waterborne systems, respectively. In the past, many coatings, adhesives, and binders were formulated using a solvent to reduce viscosity and/or ease application. However, the use of volatile solvents has been dramatically curtailed in favor of more environmentally friendly water (see Section 4.1.3), and now there are many aqueous coatings, adhesives, and associated raw materials. Hydrophilic raw materials capable of being dispersed in water are called water reducible (or water dispersible), meaning they are sufficiently hydrophilic so as to be readily emulsified in water to form stable colloidal dispersions. 

Example 7. Solvent-Borne, One-Component, Moisture-Cure, Aliphatic Polyurea Coating. This example is of a more traditional one-component coating formulation using a volatile solvent as a diluent. The active ingredient is a modified HDI, Desmodur N-75 BA from Bayer. 

Formulations based on soap and an amphoteric LSDA were superior in performance to those containing soap and anionic LSDA [29]. Whereas soap-anionic LSDA formulations could not tolerate the addition of sodium sulfate, a commonly used detergent diluent, the analogous amphoteric LSDA formulations tolerated addition of up to 20% Na2S04 quite well. Detergency performance of such formulations was equal or superior to that of a high-phosphate control. 

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