Formulation chemistry

The problem of competition of the molecular reaction (direct route) and chain reaction (complicated, multistage route) was firstly considered in the monograph by Semenov [1], The new aspect of this problem appeared recently because the quantum chemistry formulated the rule of conservation of orbital symmetry in chemical and photochemical reactions (Woodward-Hofmann rule [4]). Very often the structure of initial reactants suggests their direct interaction to form the same final products, which are also obtained in the chain reaction, and the thermodynamics does not forbid the reaction with AG < 0. However, the experiment often shows that many reactions of this type occur in a complicated manner through several intermediate stages. For example, the reaction... 

M. Friedman, Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo Bars, In L. Spitz ed., SODEOPEC, AOCS, Champaign, IL, 2004, pp. 147-188. 

The first part of the book documents the history, structure, chemistry, formulation and characterizations of zeolites in Chapters 1-4. The past 60 years have seen a progression in molecular sieve materials from aluminosilicate zeolites to micro-porous silica polymorphs, microporous aluminophosphate-based polymorphs, metallosihcate and metallophosphate compositions, octahedral-tetrahedral frameworks, mesoporous molecular sieves and, most recently, hybrid metal organic frameworks (MOFs). 

The Commission of Nomenclature of the Macromolecular Division of lUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) formulated general rules for the nomenclature of polymers (relevant publications see Sect. 1.4.4). Selected recommendations are explained in the following paragraph. 

Isis Pharmaceuticals Chemistry/Formulations, http // www.isispharm.com/Antisense-Technology/ Antisense-Drug-Discovery-Platform/Medicinal-Chemistry. htm (accessed August 2012). 

Isolated examples of isomeric organic compounds were known as early as the 1830s. This phenomenon turned to be a touchstone for the structural theory of organic chemistry formulated in the 1850s owing to the efforts of Kekule, Cooper, and Butlerov. It was Butlerov who not only advanced the consistent explanation of isomerism in terms of this theory but also predicted the existence of all theoretically possible isomers for a number of simple C4 and C5 derivatives (1864). Subsequent synthesis of these isomers served as a convincing proof of the validity of the structural theory. 

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