Food patterns

By definition, a nutraceutical (derived from the term nutritional pharmaceutical ) is a foodstuff (fortified food or dietary supplement) that is held to provide health or medical benefits in addition to its basic nutritional value [1], Nutraceuticals derived from botanicals deliver a concentrated form of presumed bioactive agents from plants that are not generally part of the food supply. The term nutraceutical has no regulatory definition. Similarly, functional foods, as defined by the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), are foods that by virtue of physiologically active food components, provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition [2], For the purposes of this review, these two terms will be differentiated by the form in which they are consumed. Nutraceuticals refers to dietary supplements most often found in pill or capsule form functional foods are ingested as part of a normal food pattern. Both are intended to provide beneficial effects beyond their nutritional value, and contribute to an improved state of health and/or reduction of risk of disease. 

Within-population epidemiological studies can avoid confounding due to differences in lifestyle, ethnicity and food patterns found in ecological studies. Seidell (1998) and Willett (2002) have reviewed within-population studies on the relation between fat intake and obesity. Case-control studies have produced inconsistent results. This format can be prone to serious biases because obese subjects have been shown to underestimate their energy and fat intake by up to 50%. Non-obese subjects, on the other hand, tend to... 

Shah, M., Jeffery, R. W., I.aiog, B, Savre, S, G Natta, M. V, and Strickland, D. (1990). Hypertension prevention trial (HPT) Food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake, j. Am. Did. Assoc. 90,69-76. 

The term "Mediterranean diet" indicates the food patterns of Greece, Southern Italy and Crete in the early sixties and is characterized by high... 

Functional foods are foods, not pills, capsules or any other dietary supplement. It must be possible to demonstrate their effects scientifically. Their beneficial effects exceed normal nutritional effects and are especially relevant for an improved state of health and/or a reduction of risk of disease. Functional foods are consumed as part of a normal food pattern. 

Common nutritional recommendations are a goal in Scandinavia. Because of the different fortification policies concerning iron, an agreement on iron recommendations has been difficult. With a Norwegian food pattern and with no fortification, it is hard to get more than 15 mg dietary iron per day, which has been the Norwegian recommendation for adult women. The corresponding value in Sweden is 18 mg per day. No agreement has yet been reached, but preliminary steps have been taken. Table 11 shows current recommendations. 

Diet is a complex aggregate of foods and behaviors. The food is comprised of a wide variety of intended and unintended chemicals that may act singly on human metabolism, but more likely act as a group in a synergistic fashion. It is important to study foods, food groups, and food patterns, as well as nutrients and other chemicals contained in food. Food is what people eat. Where many chemical constituents of a food act synergistically, an association will be found with the food, but none will be found with individual... 

A good start towards the prevention of the various deficiencies might be made if doctors would take more dietary histories from their patients, since many medical centers now have computers programmed to translate food patterns into the nutrients which are consumed. Once patients on deficient diets have been identified, the next step is to use such tests as those for pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) deficiency, and/or the analysis of hair for such trace minerals as chromium, manganese, and zinc. 

This term refers to the characteristics which distinguish certain national and racial groups of people from others. Hence, ethnic characteristics may include social customs, food patterns, character and physical traits of the various peoples. 

A daily food pattern that provides 30 g of protein and about 800 mg eaih ol pOBSim and sodiin Mows 1% 021/12 of unsalted eggs, fish, ber or muscle meat, or poulby. 

Recent modifications in the food patterns have provided pupils with experiences in (1) eating foods used mainly by minority ethnic groups (items such as bulgur wheat and corn grits), and (2) new types of food preparations (such eis meat dishes extended with soy protein). 

Salas-Salvado, J. Garcia-Arellano, A. Estruch, R. Marquez-Sandoval, R CoreUa, D. Fiol, M. G6mez-Gracia, E. et al. Components of the Mediterranean-type food pattern and serum inflammatory markers among patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62, 651-659. 

---