Fluorescence spectrometry applications

Giaque, R.D., Asaro, F., Stross, F.H. and Hester, T.R. (1993). High-precision nondestructive X-ray fluorescence method applicable to establishing the provenance of obsidian artefacts. X-Ray Spectrometry 22 44-53. 

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was the first non-destructive technique for analysing surfaces and produced some remarkable results. The Water Research Association, UK, has been investigating the application of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to solid samples. Some advantages of nondestructive methods are no risk of loss of elements during sample handling operations, the absence of contamination from reagents, etc. and the avoidance of capital outlay on expensive instruments and highly trained staff. 

The basic theory, principles, sensitivity, and application of fluorescence spectrometry (fluorometry) were discussed in Chapter 8. Like the UV absorption detector described above, the HPLC fluorescence detector is based on the design and application of its parent instrument, in this case the fluorometer. You should review Section 8.5 for more information about the fundamentals of the fluorescence technique. 

C. D. Tran and R. J. Furlan, Acoustic-optic tunable filter as a polychromator and its application in multidimensional fluorescence spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 64, 2775-2782(1992). 

E. A. Hernandez-Caraballo and L. M. Marco-Parra, Direct analysis of blood serum by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and application of an artificial neural network approach for cancer diagnosis, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 58(12), 2003, 2205-2213. 

With the development of the photomultiplier tube the measurement of very low light intensities has become relatively simple and the photoelectric recording of fluorescence emission spectra can now compete in terms of sensitivity with the less convenient photographic method. During the last decade the development of the experimental technique has gained considerable impetus as a result of the requirements of analytical chemists for methods of extreme sensitivity. A variety of spectro-fluorimeters have been described in the literature and commercial instruments of high sensitivity are also available. Recent reviews1-2 deal with the principles and analytical applications of fluorescence spectrometry and a textbook of biochemical applications has been published.2... 

Each spectroscopic method has a characteristic application. For example, flame photometry is still applicable to the direct determination of Ca and Sr, and to the determination of Li, Rb, Cs and Ba after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin. Fluorimetry provides better sensitivities for Al, Be, Ga and U, although it suffers from severe interference effects. Emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and neutron activation analysis allow multielement analysis of solid samples with pretty good sensitivity and precision, and have commonly been applied to the analysis of marine organisms and sediments. Recently, inductively-coupled plasma (ICP)... 

As noted earlier, USNs have been employed for sample insertion into atomic spectrometers suoh as flame atomio absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [9,10], electrothermal atomic absorption speotrometry (ETAAS) [11], atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) [12,13], induotively ooupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [14,15], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [16,17] and microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES) [18,19]. Most of the applications of ultrasonic nebulization (USNn) involve plasma-based detectors, the high sensitivity, selectivity, precision, resolution and throughput have fostered their implementation in routine laboratories despite their high cost [4]. 

There are many possible permutations for coupling one of the chromatographic or immunoaffinity separations with one or another of the spectrometric detection technologies. HPLC with UV or fluorescence spectrometry/ and HPLC with MS/ are among the most widely used quantitative analytical methods in the pharmaceutical development of new chemical entities because of their general applicability and... 

AH of these properties of x-rays are used to measure various properties of materials. X-ray applications can be placed into three categories based on which of the above phenomena are exploited. These categories are x-ray radiography, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction. 

Inouye, T., Harper, T., and Rasmussen, N. C., Application of Fourier transforms to the analysis of spectral data. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 76, 125-132 (1969). Jenkins, R., and Campbell-Whitelaw, A., Determination of interelement correction factors for matrix correction procedures in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Can. Specbrosc. 15, 32-38 (1970). 

Many inorganic cations and anions catalyze indicator reactions—that is, reactions whose rates are readily measured by instmmental methods, such as absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrometry, or electrochemistry. Conditions are then employed such that the rate is proportional to the concentration of catalyst, and, from the rate data, the concentration of catalyst is determined. Such catalytic methods often allow extremely sensitive detection of the catalyst concentration. Kinetic methods based on catalysis by inorganic analytes are widely applicable. For example, the literature in this area lists more than 40 cations and 15 anions that have been determined by a variety of indicator reactions. Table 29-3 gives catalytic methods for several inorganic species along with the indicator reactions used, the method of detection, and the detection limit. 

J. D. (1979) Atomic fluorescence spectrometry basic principles and applications, Prog Anal Spectrosc 2 1-183. 

Talbot V, Chang W-J. 1987. Rapid multielement analysis of oyster and cockle tissue using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, with application to reconnaissance marine pollution investigations. Sci Total Environ 66 213-223. 

Wien, K., Wissmann, D., Kolling, M. and Schulz, H.D. 2005a. Fast application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry aboard ship how good is the new portable Spectro Xepos analyser. Geomarine Letters, in press. 

The application of microtron photon activation analysis with radiochemical separation in environmental and biological samples was described by Randa et al. (2001), and both flame and plasma emission spectroscopic methods are also widely used. A more recently developed technique is that of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) (Cheam et al. 1998). 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry already then in its second edition. Price (1974) (Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) published about thelOth book on AAS since inception of the technique with the aim of being a textbook on practical AAS (FAAS). It contains the usual introduction to principles, instrumenttation and analytical techniques, with a large detailed chapter of applications to different materials followed by details for individual elements. A nice expanded version of the author s first book (Price 1979) on Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption, includes newer developments such as EAAS. Kirkbright and Sargent (1974) (Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrometry) produced a massive, excellent, comprehensive treatise on the techniques of atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometries, with details on... 

Many other methods have been applied - or continue to be applicable - to elemental determinations, but have not been individually covered in this chapter due not only to page constraints but also to their less dominant roles in elemental determinations and current less widespread usage. Methods include thermochemical or thermal analysis, infra-red spectrometry (IR), near-infra-red analysis (NIR), NMR, EPR, kinetic methods of analysis, Mbssbauer spectrometry, gravimetry, volumetry (titrimetry), gas-ometry, fluorescence spectrometry (molecular) (including fluorometry, fluorimetry, spectrophotofluorometry, phosphorimetry, chemiluminescence), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) (including ICP atomic fluorescence, ICP-AFS, and flame atomic fluorescence). The chapter by Watkinson... 

Haffer E, Schmidt D, Fteimann P, Gerwinski W (1997) Simultaneous determination of germanium, arsenic, tin and antimony with total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using the hydride generation technique for matrix separation-first steps in the development of a new application. Spectrochim Acta 52 935-944... 

Schwenke H, Beaven PA, Knoth J (1999) Applications of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in trace element and surface analysis. Fresenius J Anal Chem 365 19-27 Towle SN, Brown GE, Parks GA (1999a) Sorption of Co(II) on metal oxide surfaces I. Identification of specific binding sites of Co(II) on (110) and (001) surfaces of Ti02 (rutile) by grazing-incidence XAFS spectroscopy. J Coll Interface Sci 217 299-311... 

Jenkins R (1999) X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY Jones KW, Berry WJ, Borsay DJ, Cline HT, Conner WC, Fullmer CS (1997) Applications of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission (SRIXE). X-ray Spectrometry 26 (6) 350-358 Kagoshima Y, Takai K, Ibuki T, Yokoyama Y, Hashida T, Yokoyama K, Takeda S, Urakawa M, Miyamoto N, Tsusake Y, Matsui J, Aino M (2001) Scanning hard X-ray microscope with tantalum phase zone plate at the Hyogo-Bl (BL24XU) of SPring-8. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 467-468 872-876... 

Caupeil, J.E., Hendrikse, P.W., and Bongers, J.S. (1976) Non-dispersive atomic-fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of mercury and its application to fish samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 81, 53-60. 

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