Basic atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Figure 1.5 Schematics of basic components of analytical techniques based on atomic optical spectrometry, (a) Atomic absorption spectrometry (b) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (c) atomic emission spectrometry.

J. D. (1979) Atomic fluorescence spectrometry basic principles and applications, Prog Anal Spectrosc 2 1-183. 

The scope of this review Is limited to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with emphasis upon Its clinical applications. This article Is Intended to supplement the recent treatises on the basic technique which have been written by Aggett and Sprott ( ) > Ingle ( ), Klrkbrlght (34), Price (63), and Woodrlff (83). This resume does not consider various related topics, such as (a) atomic fluorescence or emission spectrometry (b) non-flame atomization devices which employ direct current... 

The basic instrumentation used for spectrometric measurements has already been described in the previous chapter (p. 277). Methods of excitation, monochromators and detectors used in atomic emission and absorption techniques are included in Table 8.1. Sources of radiation physically separated from the sample are required for atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (cf. molecular absorption spectrometry), whereas in flame photometry, arc/spark and plasma emission techniques, the sample is excited directly by thermal means. Diffraction gratings or prism monochromators are used for dispersion in all the techniques including X-ray fluorescence where a single crystal of appropriate lattice dimensions acts as a grating. Atomic fluorescence spectra are sufficiently simple to allow the use of an interference filter in many instances. Photomultiplier detectors are used in every technique except X-ray fluorescence where proportional counting or scintillation devices are employed. Photographic recording of a complete spectrum facilitates qualitative analysis by optical emission spectrometry, but is now rarely used. 

Part V covers spectroscopic methods of analysis. Basic material on the nature of light and its interaction with matter is presented in Chapter 24. Spectroscopic instruments and their components are described in Chapter 25. The various applications of molecular absorption spectrometric methods are covered in some detail in Chapter 26, while Chapter 27 is concerned with molecular fluorescence spectroscopy. Chapter 28 discusses various atomic spectrometric methods, including atomic mass spectrometry, plasma emission spectrometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Although no sharp lines can be drawn between nuclear and non-nuclear techniques (see De Goeij and Bode, 1997 for a review), the principle of the nuclear technique says that the analytical information on element and concentration originates from the nucleus and not from the atom. As such, chemical binding, chemical compound or matrix composition has no essential influence on the accuracy of the results (Bode and Wolterbeek, 1990 De Goeij and Bode, 1997). It should be noted here that although techniques such as particle/proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) are basically derived from the behaviour of inner orbital electrons rather than the nucleus itself, they are often counted as a nuclear technique, primarily because inner orbital electrons do not predominate in the characteristics of the atom s chemical behaviour (but see also De Goeij and Bode, 1997 for NMR and Mdssbauer techniques). 

The coding is part of the official lUPAC nomenclature for microporous materials. However, characterizations of natural zeolites include chemical and instrumental analyses of the samples and are crucial for their further application in water treatment. The chemical composition, usually determined by several different methods classical chemical analysis - gravimetric method, atomic absorption spectrometry or X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, etc., is very important for the efficiency of the water treatment processes and provides insight into the main amount of basic oxide components (SiO and Al O ), exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr ) and other elements present in smaller concentrations (like Ti atoms). According to the proportion of exchangeable cations, we can then... 

In laser vaporisation experiments, generating a plume , the laser s frequency may be synchronised with the resonance line of the element (analyte) to be analysed. The basic principles are (i) absorption of the radiation by the analyte (LAAS laser atomic absorption spectrometry) (ii) fluorescence (LIE, laser-induced fluorescence LEAFS) or (Hi) production of ionisation products (ions and electrons). LIF is an analytical method of high precision that is suitable for the measurement of diatomic species in the plume. Excitation spectroscopy or laser-excited fluorescence is not concerned with the spectral composition of the fluorescence but with how the overall intensity of emission varies with the wavelength of excitation. 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

Full-spectrum UV absorbance and fluorescence detection, and mass, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic spectrometries are the more common methods used. The basic aspects and Hmitations of these types of spectrometric detection are described. 

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