Fluor process

Fluor process, carbon dioxide recovery from natural gas, 4 814... 

Fluor Process. The Fluor process [280], [934], [940], [1094] uses the proprietary propylene carbonate based C02 removal system with adsorption refrigeration using low level heat downstream of the low-temperature shift. Methanation and C02 removal are placed between the compression stages and thus operate at higher pressure. With a value of 32 GJ/t NH3 [934] this is not really a low-energy concept. 

The Rectisol process is more readily appHcable for acid gas removal from synthesis gas made by partial oxidation of heavy feedstocks. The solvents used in Purisol, Fluor Solvent, and Selexol processes have low vapor pressures and hence solution losses are minimal. Absorption systems are generally corrosion-free. 

DGA = Diglycol amine Jefferson Chemical Co., Fluor patented process (Econamine)... 

Diglycolamine Systems. The Fluor Econamine process uses digl> co lamine (DGA) to sweeten natural gas. The active DGA reagent is 2-(2-tunino-ethoxy) ethanol, w hich is a primary amine. The reactions of DG, with acid gases are the same as for MEA. Degradation products from reactions with COS and CS2 can be regenerated in a reclaimer. 

Spontaneous perfluoroalkylatwn ofenamines occurs in the presence of fluor-inated perhalogenoalkanes [743, 744] This condensation is interpreted by a SET process (mechanism analogous to equation 57 with a neutral nucleophile in place of a charged nucleophilic reagent). Formation of chlorodifluoromethylcyclo... 

Polymerization in aqueous solution of acrylamide can also be fulfilled in thin layers (up to 20 mm) applied on a steel plate or a traveling steel band. Polymerization is initiated by persulfates, redox system, UV or y radiation. Polymerization proceeds in isothermal conditions as the heat of polymerization is dissipated in the environment and, additionally, absorbed by the steel carrier. Nonadhesion of the polymer to the carrier is ensured by the addition of glycerol to isopropyl alcohol or by precoating the steel band with a film based on fluor-containing polymers. This makes polymerization possible at a high concentration of the monomer (20-45%) and in a wider process temperature range. This film of polyacrylamide is removed from the band, crushed, dried, and packed. 

Figure 1-14. Typical process area plot plan and study elevations. By permission, Fluor Corp. Ltd.

UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, pioneered by Beckman (1941), is one of the oldest and most widely used instrumental techniques, despite being regarded by some analysts as obsolete. Recently there has been a renaissance in UV spectroscopy with many new techniques, instruments and data processing methods [8]. Modem highest specification UV/VIS absorption and fluores-cence/phosphorescence spectrometer instruments extend their wavelength region from the far UV (175 nm) into the NIR region (1100 nm). Small footprint UV/VIS spectrometers (200-1100 nm) are now available. Paul [9] has traced the history of UV/VIS instrumental developments. 

Lemer, J. E., Fluor Corporation, Simplified Air Cooler Estimating, Hydrocarbon Processing, Feb. 1972. 

Once fluoride ions react with bone, they are not easily dissolved out or exchanged by other elements. If bone is buried for long periods of time, the relative amount of fluorine in the bone gradually increases as a function of time the "fluoridation" process continues until the maximum amount of fluorine (necessary to convert all the hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite) is reached. The total concentration of fluor in carbonated fluorapatite can reach levels as high as above 3%. There is ample room, therefore, for an increase in the relative amount of fluorine in buried bone. Determining the relative amount of fluorine in buried bone may thus serve as a tool for dating bone. 

Econamine A process for removing acid gases from natural gas by selective absorption in diglycolamine (also called [2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol], and DGA). Developed by the Fluor Corporation, the El Paso Natural Gas Company, and the Jefferson Chemical Company and widely used. Later versions, developed by Fluor Daniel International, include the Fluor Daniel Econamine and the Econamine FG processes. More than 30 units were operating in 1996. See also Aromex. 

Econamine FG [Flue gas] A process for removing carbon dioxide from flue-gases by dissolution in an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine and a proprietary corrosion inhibitor. Originally developed by the Dow Chemical Company under the designation Gas/Spec FT, the process was acquired in 1989 by the Fluor Corporation and is now licensed by that company. 

Fluor Solvent A process for removing carbon dioxide from natural gas and various industrial gas streams by dissolution in propylene carbonate. Carbon dioxide is much more soluble than other common gases in this solvent at low temperatures. The process cannot be used when hydrogen sulfide is present. The process was invented in 1958 by A. L. Kohl and F. E. Miller at the Fluor Corporation, Los Angeles. It is now licensed by Fluor Daniel. The first plant was built for the Terrell County Treating plant, El Paso, TX in 1960 by 1985, 13 plants were operating. 

The Fluor Corporation recently reactivated and rebuilt the DOE test plant at Cresap, West Virginia, It conducted a coal liquefaction test project for DOE using Exxon s Donor Solvent Process, Oil and Gas Journal 1980, 78, p 71,... 

Fluor-Spacer-Receptor Systems with a Photoinduced Electron Transfer as a Quenching Process of the Fluorescence... 

Figure 5.18. Schematic representation of photoinduced processes in a fluor-spacer-receptor signalling system (a) when ion free, (b) when ion bound, and (c) one example.

Synthetic fluor-containing apatites are prepared and investigated for biomedical applications and serve also as models to understand the formation of biological fluorapatites and some of their properties. The synthesis of fluoridated apatites has been accomplished in various ways from simple ion exchange in solution to more elaborate techniques involving sol-gel routes or thermal processes. Two main classes of synthesis routes are presented in this chapter high-temperature routes and low-temperature solution routes. 

Other coating processes involving fluoridated apatite have been investigated to improve the long-term adhesion and promote osteointegration of cementless titanium-based metal implants pulsed laser deposition, electron beam deposition and ion beam sputter deposition techniques, and sol-gel methods, for example. They lead to fluor-containing calcium phosphates (apatites in most cases) with different compositions and crystallinity states. 

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