Flocking study

Flocking is the application of finely-cut fibres to adhesive coated substrate surfaces. It is carried out by one of the following methods  

Flocking imparts a decorative or functional characteristic to the surface. The 

3 Target products using flock fibers from reclaimed fabric waste 

Flock fibers from reclaimed fabric waste are chopped, ground and sieved. They are of mixed color (gray typical). Fiber dimension depends on the sieve mesh. Target application characteristics are therefore where surface color is non-critical and pile height is in the lower range (say 1mm or shorter). Some potential target product areas are  

The surface conductivity of the resultant flock was measured, and was observed to be zero. This means that the flock, in its present condition, would not be attracted to snbstrate fabric. This is not a problem a small quantity of finish was later sprayed onto the flock to make it conductive. 

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In 1983, Steinbom and Flock studied the rheology of crude oils and water-in-oil emulsions (58). Emulsions with high proportions of water exhibited pseudoplastic behavior and were only slightly time dependent at higher shear rates. Omar et al. also measured the rheological characteristics of Saudi crude oil emulsions (59). NonNewtonian emulsions exhibit pseudoplastic behavior and followed a power-law model. Mohammed et al. studied crude oil emulsions using a biconical bob rheometer suspended at the interface (60). More stable emulsions displayed viscoelastic behavior and a solid-like interface. Demulsifiers changed the solid-like interface into a liquid one. 

A historical novel based on the life of the very real Italian occultist, 1743-1795, who was a self-styled mystic, healer, leader of an exotic brand of Freemasonry was arrested for heresy in 1791 on the order of Pope Pius VI and spent the last five years of his life in prison. Count Alessandro Cagliostro s real name was Giuseppe Balsamo. Born in Palermo in 1743, he studied alchemy and sold elixirs and potions all over Europe, and became the rage of Paris society as they flocked to his Seances. He became implicated in the "Affair of the Diamond Necklace" in 1785-6 and was banished from France. 

Fortunately for a poor, would-be chemist like Leblanc, France s aristocratic passion for the physical sciences crossed economic, social, and political borders. Intellectuals such as Rousseau and Diderot cultivated the sciences with enthusiasm and compiled encyclopedias and dictionaries of natural substances. Local academies and institutes in the far-flung provinces sponsored chemical studies. Crowds flocked to hear chemists lecture and to watch their flashy laboratory demonstrations. Even the future revolutionary, Jean-Paul Marat, experimented with fire, electricity, and light and tried—in vain—to become a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. In America, Benjamin Franklin abandoned his printing and publishing business for physics, and in England his friend Jane Marcet wrote Mrs Marcet s Conversations in Chemistry for women and working-class men. 

Present scientific evidence indicates that transmission of enteric pathogens (particularly Campylobacter) is mainly horizontal, while vertical transmission from parent to progeny via the egg is considered much less likely. Studies have shown that that the majority of Salmonella and Campylobacter strains do not cause disease symptoms in poultry and that between 40% and 80% of chicken flocks are Campylobacter positive. 

Microbes tend to form flocks as they grow, into which nutrients and dissolved oxygen must diffuse. The rate of growth thus depends on the diffusional effectiveness. This topic is developed by Atkinson (1974). Similarly enzymes immobilized in gel beads, for instance, have a reduced catalytic effectiveness analogous to that of porous granular catalysts that are studied in Chapter 7. For the M-M equation this topic is touched on in problems P8.04.15 and P8.04.16. 

Flock, D., Colacino, S., Colombo, G., and Di Nola, A. (2006). Misfolding of the amyloid beta-protein A molecular dynamics study. Proteins 62, 183-192. 

Of the simple alkyl nitrates, methyl nitrate is present in the highest concentration. For example, in measurements made in Schauinsland, a rural area in Germany, concentrations of CH30N02 up to 216 ppt were measured. The median value, however, was only 19 ppt (Flocke et al., 1998). In the same studies, the median concentrations for ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, 2-pro-pyl nitrate, and 1-butyl nitrate were 9, 3, 12, and 2 ppt, respectively. The sum of the C,-C8 alkyl nitrates averaged 120 ppt, which is only 3% of the NO. Similarly, in rural Ontario, Canada, 17 different organic nitrates were identified in air, but their sum was only 0.5-3% of NOj. (O Brien et al., 1995). In aircraft measurements over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, average values for methyl nitrate near the surface were 6 ppt and the sum of C,-C5 alkyl nitrates was <5% of the total NO, (Ridley et al., 1997). 

The incidence of tetracycline residues in turkeys has been also studied recently (13). During meat inspection, suspicious flocks were identified by fluorescence detection in bones. A total of 85 flocks showed significant fluorescence in bones. When bones, liver, kidney, and muscle of these animals were analyzed for tetracyclines, residues of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, or doxycycline were found in 83 flocks. These results suggest that the detection of fluorescence in bones might be a useful screening method for tetracycline residues in poultry carcasses. 

To determine the best photographic method for die study of prehistoric textiles, experimentation with different light sources was necessary. A single lens reflex (SLR) film camera (Canon AE1) with an option for manual adjustments, and different macro and zoom lenses and filters were used for all photography. All pictures were taken with the samples placed on flocking paper (Edmund Scientific), which creates an optically inert background and therefore does not interfere with the optical properties of the textile to be examined. Details of the forensic photography methods are described in Baldia and Jakes (64, 65). 

A UK study showed that consumers bought organic eggs because they were perceived as being healthier, free of chemicals and genetically modified materials, and because they tasted better (Stopes et al.r 2001). In addition consumers expected that the laying flocks were maintained under more humane and improved welfare conditions. This research confirms that consumer acceptance of organic poultry products depends to some extent on the nature of the production system and that consumers expect a land-based production system, particularly one based on a small flock size. 

During these years of travel he studied and practiced medicine and surgery. Students flocked to him in Wurtemberg, Tubingen, and Freiburg. The world began to hear of his wonderful cures. In the meantime Paracelsus was filled with a realization of the wisdom and folly of the medicine of his day. The shams of that pseudo-science kindled in him the fire of a... 

In the first studies, antibodies were used to elucidate the dynamic nature of poliovirus [51]. Antibodies were raised against peptides representing VP4 and the N termini of VPl. In the crystal structures of all of the picornaviruses, these termini lie at the capsid-RNA interface and are therefore not exposed to external solvent [27, 46, 52-55]. These antibodies bound to the virus when the particles were heated to 37°C but did not bind when added to virus at room temperature or when the virus was heated to 37°G and then cooled to room temperature. Therefore, although difficult to visualize with the static structure of the capsid, the only explanation for these results is that these buried termini are transiently exposed. This exposure is facilitated by higher temperatures and was proposed to be part of the normal infection process. This idea of dynamic capsid structures was subsequently supported by mass spectroscopy analysis of flock house virus [56] and rhinovirus [57] and by a series of drug—poliovirus structures [58]. 

It seems that coalescence process is very delayed by the emulsifier. In order to investigate the flocculation process, a study through an optical microscopy of the droplets and flocks has been employed. Unfortunately, a little difference in the contrast (brown against pale yellow) between droplets and continuous phase has not permitted a good determination of mean droplets dimensions. Probably, mean diameter should be few microns (i-5). 

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