Flexibility polyester resin

More investigations are necessary to formulate flexible polyester resins that produce a nontacky surface after air irradiation. Flexibility is important in order to reduce the radial and tangential shrinkages. No air inhibition is important in obtaining a good surface consolidation. 

Flexible polyester resins are available which are tougher and slower curing and produce lower exotherms and less cure shrinkage. They absorb more water and are more easily scratched but show more abrasion resistance than the rigid type. Their property profile is shown in... 

Almost all of the OX that is recovered is used to produce phthaUc anhydride. PhthaUc anhydride is a basic building block for plasticizers used in flexible PVC resins, for polyester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics, and for alkyd resins used for surface coatings. OX is also used to manufacture phthalonitrile, which is converted to copper phthalocyanine, a pigment. 

The product is a hquid recommended for flame retarding flexible urethane foams in furniture or automotive seating. It also appears to be useful in polystyrene foam, textile backcoating, and polyester resins. 

Usage of phosphoms-based flame retardants for 1994 in the United States has been projected to be 150 million (168). The largest volume use maybe in plasticized vinyl. Other use areas for phosphoms flame retardants are flexible urethane foams, polyester resins and other thermoset resins, adhesives, textiles, polycarbonate—ABS blends, and some other thermoplastics. Development efforts are well advanced to find appHcations for phosphoms flame retardants, especially ammonium polyphosphate combinations, in polyolefins, and red phosphoms in nylons. Interest is strong in finding phosphoms-based alternatives to those halogen-containing systems which have encountered environmental opposition, especially in Europe. 

Membranes are applied directly to the metal or concrete surface to protect from corrosion by any liquor that penetrates the brick lining through pores and cracks. Membranes consist of sheet material bonded to the metal or concrete, e.g., flexible PVC sheet, or it may be formed in situ (e.g., polyester resin reinforced with glass fiber, or synthetic rubber sheet, lead, polyisobutylene, polyethylene and asphalt). 

Chloroalkyl phosphates such as tris(l,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCiPP) and tris(chloro-wc>-propyl) phosphate (TC/PP) are more often used in textile backcoatings, in rigid and flexible pol3mrethane foams, which are used for thermal insulation and for furniture and upholstery, respectively [63]. In contrast, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is now more frequently used in PVC, unsaturated polyester resins, and textile backcoatings [63]. 

Erucic acid, H00C(CH2) CH=CH(CH2)jCH, can be economically obtained from rapeseed ana crambe abyssinica oils and is potentially a major source of industrial materials. It can be ozonized to brassylic acid, HOOCCCH ), COOH, which is known to impart flexibility and moisture resistance to nylons. Here preliminary results of a study of brassylic acid as a monomer for polyester resin/melamine resin coatings are described. It is demonstrated that brassylic acid imparts good flexibility to such coatings. It is also shoim that brassylic acid is polymorphic. 

In India, flexible sheet explosives are generally made from indigenously available unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy resins and natural rubber etc. and common... 

Phthalic anhydride is used for the manufacture of plasticizers, such as dioctyl phthalate, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd resins. Phthalic anhydride reacts with alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, and the products are often liquids that, when added to plastics, impart flexibility without adversely affecting the strength of the plastic. Most of these plasticizers are used for poly(vinyl chloride) flexibility. Dioctyl phthalate is a common plasticizer. 

Phosphate esters (alkyl or aryl, or mixed) of phosphoric acid constitute an important family of organophosphorus flame retardants.25 Triethylphosphate, a colorless liquid boiling between 209°C and 218°C, and containing 17 wt % phosphorus, has been used commercially as an additive for polyester resins/laminates and in cellulosics. In polyester resins, it functions as a viscosity depressant as well as a flame retardant. Trioctylphosphate is employed as a speciality flame-retardant plasticizer for vinyl composites where low temperature flexibility is critical. It can be also included in blends, along with general purpose plasticizers, such as phthalate esters, to improve low temperature flexibility. 

Glycidyl ethers of aliphatic polyols based on polyglycol, glycerin, and other polyols are flexible epoxy resins. They are used as reactive diluents and flexibihzers for solvent-free epoxy resin formulations. Epoxy-polyglycol resins that are produced from the reaction of epichlorohydrin and polyester polyols based on ethylene or propylene oxide are the most common of these types of flexible epoxy resins. Examples of typical commercial aliphatic epoxy resins are shown in App. C. 

The combination of odour barrier, sealability and printability provides potential for Nodax in flexible packaging. Nodax is a soft and pliable, yet reasonably transparent polyester resin. Polyester films have better printability because of their higher surface energy. For example, a thin layer of PET is often reverse-printed and then laminated over polypropylene. Nodax can substitute for both the polypropylene and polyester layers, since it can be converted like a polypropylene film and is already printable. 

Polyester resins possess premium performance properties such as exterior durability, gloss, flexibility hardness, color stability, and versatility of cure. Polyesters are used in product finishes for household appliances, food and beverage containers, aircraft and equipment, automotive primers and bake coats, metal furniture, and fixtures. For example, water-soluble saturated polyesters are used in industrial baking paints, and in combination with melamine resin. Polyesters can be formulated in high solids and waterborne formulations to meet the requirements for the low VOC coatings being mandated by the EPA. 

PET is useful polymer used for fiber, film, and plastic containers such as carbonated beverage bottles. Recently, the recycling of polymers such as PET after use is attracting the attention of many researchers aware of environmental problems and wishing to find ways to save earth resources. Previous studies showed that unsaturated polyester resins can be economically prepared from recycled PET and the resins may be useful for resin concretes (1 4). However, there is little information on the molecular features of the UPE resins. Thus, we synthesized various UPE resins from PET. Especially, the PET content, chain flexibility and degree of unsaturation of the resins were systematically varied and the effects of those variables on the mechanical properties of the cured resins and polymer mortars made therefrom were studied. 

About one-half of the phthalic anhydride production is consumed for the preparation of plasticizers, mostly for the various flexible grades of poly(vinyl chloride). The remainder is roughly split between alkyd resin preparation used for many types of surface coatings, and for polyester resin composites with fiberglass reinforcement, the so-called fiberglass resins used in boats and other sporting equipment as well as for corrosion-resistant vessels and ducts used in chemical processing, some automotive parts, and as a convenient means of field repair of many of these items. 

Polyurethane products and formulated systems are used in rigid foams, flexible foams, adhesives, sealants, coatings and elastomers, as well as in many other applications. Propene glycols are used in a wide variety of end-use and industrial applications, from unsaturated polyester resins, cosmetics and household detergents, to paints and automotive brake fluids. Propene glycol ethers are commonly... 

Figure 1.8 Equations for preparation and curing of an unsaturated polyester resin. The presence of ethylenic unsaturation provides sites for cross-linlang by a chain reaction mechanism in the presence of styrene. Phthalic anhydride increases flexibility by increasing spacing of cross-links.

Two different styrene-unsaturated polyester resins were involved in this study (1) Norsodyne resin (Norsolor, France) and (2) a research flexible formulation based... 

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