Flame retardants recycling

Polyolefins are highly applicable in the society and have a huge market share among polymeric materials. Research and innovative techniques are needed to improve these materials for different applications that can support the society and have a sustainable effect on the environment. This book discusses historical, economical, and different techniques in preparing the polyolefins with examples of current and future industrial applications. Other needs of flame retardants, recycling, and oxo-degradation are also discussed. 

Propylene oxide has found use in the preparation of polyether polyols from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (264), haUde removal from amine salts via halohydrin formation (265), preparation of flame retardants (266), alkoxylation of amines (267,268), modification of catalysts (269), and preparation of cellulose ethers (270,271). 

The PEEK resia is gray, crystalline, and has excellent chemical resistance T is ca 185°C, and it melts at 288°C. The unfilled resia has an HPT of 165°C, which can be iacreased to near its melting poiat by incorporating glass filler. The resia is thermally stable, and maintains ductiUty for over one week after being heated to 320°C it can be kept for years at 200°C. Hydrolytic stabiUty is excellent. The resia is flame retardant, has low smoke emission, and can be processed at 340—400°C. Crystallinity is a function of mold temperature and can reach 30—35% at mold temperatures of 160°C. Recycled material can be safely processed. Properties are given ia Table 16. 

ICI Acrylics believes that greater cooperation between companies and a revised approach to life cycle analysis are the keys to the industry s future environmental sustainability. The company has invested over 2m pounds sterling in an on-going monomer recovery project, which encompasses a joint research programme with Mitsubishi Rayon. The project focuses on increasing the efficiency of acrylic depolymerisation and overcoming technical issues such as its use in recycling flame retardant acrylics. ICI ACRYLICS... 

Blowing agents for foams Food contact Disposal, recycling Realistic evaluation of product use (flame retardants, volatiles, etc.). 

Fractions containing halogenated flame retardants (e.g., from printed circuit boards, cable insulation, and plastic housings) must be incinerated in suitable plants if recycling is not possible. 

In the early 1980s, the world witnessed the sale of the first personal computers. Its transition from the relatively bulky and slow first units to the sleek, speed demons has made the computer truly revolutionary. With each improvement in computers, however, comes the increasing problem of what to do with the ever increasing number of computer e-wastes. The U.S. EPA estimates that nearly 250 million computers will become obsolete in the next five years in the United States alone. Unfortunately, only approximately 10% of these old computers that are retired each year are being recycled. This presents a substantial concern because toxic elements such as lead, cadmium, mercury, barium, chromium, beryllium as well as flame retardant, and phosphor are contained in a typical computer and there would be potential harm if there was a release of these elements into the environment.1... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

It is expected that soil PBDEs and PCDD/Fs may also have stemmed from other sources than e-waste recycling processes, as only 3% of the global production of flame retardants is used in electronic products [36]. Apparently, only a small portion of BFRs occurring in the environments is derived from e-waste. 

Keywords Brominated flame retardants, E-waste, Substance Flow Analysis SFA, Informal Recycling, Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment WEEE... 

The German Environmental Ministry is reported to have attacked European proposals to ban substances such as specific flame retardants in forthcoming regulations for recycling electrical and electronic equipment. Initial proposals from the EU Commission on the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment, include a phaseout of PBDEs, despite preliminary findings under EU risk assessment that there is no need for risk reduction from the two types, decaBDE and octaBDE mainly used in such equipment. The Ministry is said to be concerned at the excessively prescriptive and restrictive system being proposed, and that substance restrictions should not be addressed in waste legislation, but should be based on life cycle risk assessments. 

BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS GET A GREEN LIGHT FOR RECYCLING... 

It has been suggested by producers of brominated flame retardants that the health risks related to the extrusion of plastics containing PBB and PBDE could be avoided by strengthened worker protection measures In the recycling installations. As an example It was recommended that workers carry protection masks. Clearly, the substitution of the concerned substances would provide the best protection of the concerned workers." European Parliament and Council, 2002. 

In 2000, NEC developed an epoxy resin with what it describes as a fire-retardant structure that avoids the need for either TBBA or phosphorus-based flame retardants in circuit boards. The new resin contains a metal hydroxide retardant. The company claims the new board is almost totally free of pollutants, and is easy to process and thermally recycle. By also integrating flame retardant properties within the board, use of the metal hydroxide is minimised, while offering good electrical properties, higher heat resistance and improved processing characteristics. ... 

Wang J, Maa YJ, Chena SJ, Tiana M, Luoa XJ, Maia BX (2010) Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in South China implications on human exposure. Environ Int 36 535-541... 

Sjodin A, Carlsson H, Thuresson K, Sjolin S, Bergman A, Ostman C (2001) Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments. Environ Sci Technol 35 448 54... 

Gallet G, Perez G, Karlsson S. 2001. Two approaches for extraction and analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFR) and their degradation products in recycled polymers and BFR containing water. 

Riess M, Ernst T, Popp R, et al. 2000. Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials. Chemosphere 40(9-11) 937-941. 

Over 30% of the chlorine produced on a global basis goes to make PVC. Chlorine makes PVC inherently flame-retardant. PVC is over 50% chlonne and. as a result, one of the most energy-efficient polymers. Chlorine makes PVC far more environmentally acceptable than other materials that are totally dependent on petrochemical feedstocks. In addition, recycling... 

IKEA www.ikea.com Despite being the juggernaut it is, IKEA supports the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable, and recycled materials and has an environmental policy that doesn t allow the use of PVC, formaldehyde-based glues, brominated flame retardants, or other toxins. Green Home Environmental www.greenhome.com White Lotus whitelotus.net C. G. Sparks ... 

---