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Fixed via point

Figure 6.12 shows a computational algorithm diat can be used to model the centroid path of a musculotendinous actuator fin a given configuration of the joints in the body. There are four steps in the computational algorithm. Given the relative positions of the bones, the locations of all fixed via points are known and can be expressed in the obstacle reference frame (Fig. 6.12, Step 1). The locations of the remaining via points in the actuator s path, the obstacle via points, can be calculated... Figure 6.12 shows a computational algorithm diat can be used to model the centroid path of a musculotendinous actuator fin a given configuration of the joints in the body. There are four steps in the computational algorithm. Given the relative positions of the bones, the locations of all fixed via points are known and can be expressed in the obstacle reference frame (Fig. 6.12, Step 1). The locations of the remaining via points in the actuator s path, the obstacle via points, can be calculated...
Fig. 4. Typical AFM rupture experiment (top) Receptor molecules are fixed via linker molecules to a surface (left) in the same way, ligand molecules are connected to the AFM cantilever (right). When pulling the cantilever towards the right, the pulling force applied to the ligand can be measured. At the point of rupture of t he ligand-receptor complex the measured force abruptly drops to zero so that the rupture force can be measured. Fig. 4. Typical AFM rupture experiment (top) Receptor molecules are fixed via linker molecules to a surface (left) in the same way, ligand molecules are connected to the AFM cantilever (right). When pulling the cantilever towards the right, the pulling force applied to the ligand can be measured. At the point of rupture of t he ligand-receptor complex the measured force abruptly drops to zero so that the rupture force can be measured.
The titration process has been automated so that batches of samples can be titrated non-manually and the data processed and reported via printouts and screens. One such instrument is the Metrohm 670 titroprocessor. This incorporates a built-in control unit and sample changer so that up to nine samples can be automatically titrated. The 670 titroprocessor offers incremental titrations with variable or constant-volume steps (dynamic or monotonic titration). The measured value transfer in these titrations is either drift controlled (equilibrium titration) or effected after a fixed waiting time pK determinations and fixed end points (e.g. for specified standard procedures) are naturally included. End-point titrations can also be carried out. [Pg.40]

An alternative approach, called the obstacle-set method, idealizes each musculotendinous actuator as a frictionless elastic band that can slide finely over the bones and other actuators as the configuration of the joint changes (Gamer and Pandy, 2000). The musculotendinous path is defined by a series of stndght-line and curved-line segments joined together by via points, which may or may not be fixed relative to the bones. [Pg.149]

FIGURE 6.14 Two bodies, A and B, shown articulating at a joint. Body A is fixed in an inertial reference frame, and body B moves relative to it. The path of a generic muscle is represented by the origin S on B, the insertion N on A, and three intermediate via points P, Q, and R.QandR are via points arising from contact of the muscle path with body B. Via point P arises from contact of die muscle path with body A. The ISA of B relative to A is defined by the angular velocity vector of B in A [Modified from Pandy (1999). ... [Pg.154]

Figure 7.8 shows a plot of the iterative map /2(p) for rule R2 as a function of p for four different values of p p = 1 (top curve), p > Pc, P = Pc and p < Pc, where Pc 0.5347. Notice that all four curves have zero first and second derivatives at the origin. This ensures the existence of some critical value Pc such that for all p < Pc, p t + 1) < p t) and thus that limt->oo p t) = 0. In fact, for all 0 < p < Pc the origin is the only stable fixed point. At p = Pc, another stable fixed point ps 0.373 appears via a tangent bifurcation. For values of p greater than Pc, /2 undergoes a... [Pg.356]

In the above-described measurement, which we call the absolute method, all pumps have equal speeds (rpm) owing to interconnection to the same drive-shaft. In order to express, if required, a deviation registered for the analyte concentration, one must calibrate with a standard by varying its rpm (B) with respect to that of the titrant (A) a B/A rpm ratio greater than unity means a proportionally lower concentration and vice versa. In general, the absolute method serves to control a sample stream with nearly constant analyte concentration as a sensor one uses not only electroanalytical but often also optical detectors. However, with considerably varying analyte concentrations the differential method is more attractive its principle is that in the set-up in Fig. 5.15 and with the sensor adjusted to a fixed and most sensitive set-point, the rpm of the sample stream (C) is varied with respect to that of the titrant (A) by a feedback control (see Fig. 5.3a) from the sensor via a regulator towards the... [Pg.346]

Such a measurement can tell us about the chemical evolution of oxygen, such as whether the isotopes differentiated via a thermal cycle in which lighter leO fractionates from the heavier lsO, much as Vostok ice-core oxygen ratios reveal the Earth s prehistoric climate. From this fixed point of the Sun s oxygen ratios, we can then trace the history of water in other planetary bodies since their birth in the solar nebulae through the subsequent cometary bombardment [13]. In NASA s search for water on the Moon, important for the establishment of a future Moon base, such isotopic ratios will determine whether the water is a vast mother lode or just a recent cometary impact residue. [Pg.255]

Live plant measurements will be fed to the model via the plant control computer. The model will then use the measurements and the target minimum gap to predict the alarm trigger point which will be communicated back to the control computer. This control computer is a conventional distributed control system (DCS), which has all the necessary software and displays for alarm handling and recording. The model itself will reside on a separate PC. Communications between the PC and the DCS will be subject to error checking and the system will default to the old fixed alarm value if a fault is detected. [Pg.272]

Figure 39, Chapter 3. Bifurcation diagrams for the model of the Calvin cycle for selected parameters. All saturation parameters are fixed to specific values, and two parameters are varied. Shown is the number of real parts of eigenvalues larger than zero (color coded), with blank corresponding to the stable region. The stability of the steady state is either lost via a Hopf (HO), or via saddle node (SN) bifurcations, with either two or one eigenvalue crossing the imaginary axis, respectively. Intersections point to complex (quasiperiodic or chaotic) dynamics. See text for details. Figure 39, Chapter 3. Bifurcation diagrams for the model of the Calvin cycle for selected parameters. All saturation parameters are fixed to specific values, and two parameters are varied. Shown is the number of real parts of eigenvalues larger than zero (color coded), with blank corresponding to the stable region. The stability of the steady state is either lost via a Hopf (HO), or via saddle node (SN) bifurcations, with either two or one eigenvalue crossing the imaginary axis, respectively. Intersections point to complex (quasiperiodic or chaotic) dynamics. See text for details.
The actual deposition of the multilayered composite can be carried out by either current or potential control. Clearly, a pulsed polarization curve has to be constructed for the former case. The actual composition modulation cycle would be controlled coulometrically by fixing the amount of electric charge delivered while at point A in Figure 17.2 Qp and the amount of charge delivered while at point B in Figure 17.2 (2b) via suitable input to the unit regulating the pulsing. [Pg.292]

At this point an attempt has been made to identify all of the important v ari-ables. It has also been decided which variables will be fixed and which will be varied. For the nonfixed variables, the range and number of levels (complexity) have been determined. Classical experimental design tools will be used to specify the design for the controllable variables. The design is selected via a software package or statistical reference materials and it specifies (1) the number of runs, (2) the levels of the variable(s), and (3) tlie order of the runs. [Pg.193]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.6 , Pg.11 ]




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Point fixed

Via points

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