Fish toxicity

Environmental. The A/-methylcarbamates generally are biodegradable and of low soil persistence with half-Hves for carbaryl and aldicarb of 1—2 weeks and of carbofuran of 1—4 months. Certain carbamates are highly toxic to birds with oral LD qS for mallard, eg, pheasant, in mg/kg carbofuran, 0.40, 4.2 mexacarbate, 3.0, 4.5 and methomyl, 16, 15 compared to carbaryl >2000. Fish toxicity of carbamates is generally low, but these compounds are extremely toxic to bees. In cases of human poisoning, atropine is a specific antidote. 

Piscicides. The two piscicides, antimycin and rotenone, are both used in ponds to control nuisance fish. Antimycin is used selectively to remove scaled fishes from catfish ponds, and rotenone is used as a general fish toxicant (9,10). Recent observations by catfish farmers indicate that antimycin at low concentrations also acts as a therapeutant against external parasites. 

BASE SET Mutagenicity Toxicity to reproduction Toxicity to algae Acute daphnia and fish toxicity Abiotic and readily biotic degradability Additional physico-chemical properties 1 t/annum or 5 t cumulative... 

LAS homolog Acute fish toxicity (LC50) [mg/L] Long-time fish toxicity (NOEC) [mg/L] Acute daphnia toxicity (ECS0) (mg/L) Long-time daphnia toxicity (NOEC) (mg/L)... 

The acute toxicity of ester sulfonates is mainly related to the length of the carbon chain of the fatty acid. The acute fish toxicity of tallow-based ester sulfonates is relatively high (LC0 = 0.4-0.9 mg/L) compared with coconut-based ester sulfonates (LC0 — 46 mg/L) [113]. In spite of this relatively high fish toxicity of the long-chain ester sulfonates both acute and long-term toxic effects can be excluded for normal environmental conditions. For example, the sum of all anionic surfactants in German rivers is stable on a level far below... 

Kdnemaim, H. (1981). QSAR relationships in fish toxicity stndies. Part I Relationship of 50 industrial pollutants. Toxicology 19, 209-221. 

Ecotoxicological Prolonged fish toxicity (including reproduction) Avian acute/subacute toxicity Accumulation, degradation and mobility tests... 

Sauter, S., K.S. Buxton, K.J. Macek, and S.R. Petrocelli. 1976. Effects of exposure to heavy metals on selected freshwater fish. Toxicity of copper, cadmium, chromium and lead to eggs and fry of seven fish species. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/3-76-105. 75 pp. 

Lennon, R.E., J.B. Hunn, R.A. Schnick, and R.M. Buress. 1970. Reclamation of ponds, lakes, and streams with fish toxicants a review. Food Agricul. Organ. United Nations, FAO Fish. Technol. Paper 100 57-61. Lesniak, J.A. and S.M. Ruby. 1982. Histological and quantitative effects of sublethal cyanide exposure on oocyte development in rainbow trout. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11 343-352. 

Ohtsubo, T., H. Takeda, S. Tsuda, M. Kagoshima, and K. Tsuji. 1989. Formulation factors of fenvalerate microcapsules influencing insecticidal efficacy and fish toxicity. Jour. Pestic. Sci. 14 235-239. 

Moreover, while the use of pyrethroids has been greatly restricted in and around paddy fields and fishponds due to their high toxicity to fish, silafluofen, and etofenprox (see Table 2) show low fish toxicity and are commonly used as agricultural chemicals for paddy fields in Japan. 

Table 2 Fish toxicity of pyrethroids for agricultural uses in Japan...

Criteria for fish toxicity Pyrethroid LC50 vaiue ... 

Because of high fish toxicity, the use of pyrethroids is prohibited or greatly restricted in and around water systems in Japan for example, in rooms with a water tank containing pet fish, or in and around paddy fields and fishponds. 

In vivo mutagenicity studies Further repeat-dose study in the rat Second developmental toxicity study Two-generation fertility study in the rat Chronic fish toxicity study Biodegradation simulation studies... 

From these results, it seems that an increase of the Cl-atom number in chlorophenols promotes an accumulation of the chlorophenols by fish and leads their concentrations in the fish to a lethal level even when the fish were exposed to rather low concentration media, and consequently increases the fish-toxicity of chlorophenols. 

Davis, J.T. and Hardcastle, W.S. Biological assay of herbicides for fish toxicity. Weeds, 7 397-404, 1959. 

Gillette. L.A., Miller, D.L., and Redman. H.E. Appraisal of a chemical waste problem by fish toxicity tests. Sewage Ind. Wastes, 24(11) 1397-1401, 1952. 

Konemann, H. Quantitative structure-activity relationships in fish toxicity studies. Part 1 relationship for 50 industrial pollutants, Toxicology, 19(3) 209-221, 1981. 

PNECs themselves are preferentially extrapolated from chronic toxicity data or, if no long-term data are available, acute toxicity data [51] they generally refer to algae, daphnia or fish toxicity. Sanderson et al., Stuer-Lauridsen et al., Boillot and Ferrari et al. [108-111] have reported PNECs for a large list of PhCs, and [49,112] recently proposed a model for the predicting PNEC of a substance, taking into consideration its acidic or basic behaviour in the environment. This procedure... 

German water authorities adopted a permit system for effluent emission where the requirements are based on fish toxicity [195]. Daphnia, algae, and luminescent bacteria are including for a screening additionally to the fish test. In this scheme the fish test Goldoifo Leuciscus idus) is stiU considered to be the only test producing definitive results. 

According to wastewater requirements, the water quality of effluents should not be toxic on the basis of results of two acute toxicity tests. The following tests can be applied toxicity to fish, toxicity to daphnia, toxicity to luminescent bacteria, toxicity to green algae [205]. 

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