Fish, bioconcentration factors toxicity

Table 7 Example application of process in Box B to evaluate the risk of dioxins in Dutch sediments. No observed effect (NOEC) concentrations for chronic toxicity of dioxins in vertebrates (immune, reproductive and developmental toxicity) expressed as internal concentration (ng TEQ/g Iw). The sediment to fish bioconcentration factor is set at 4 (ng TEQ/g Organic Carbon to ng/g lipid weight in fish) based on Traas et al. (2001). Based on a species-specific biomagnification factor (BMP) from fish to animal (ng TEQ/g Iw) the internal NOEC is extrapolated to a NOEC in sediment. These data are used to construct the SSDs in Figures 5 and 6.

For instance, an extrapolated water TBT concentration (0.21 5.9 ngL-1) based on concentrations of TBT and its bioconcentration factors (5000 10,400 for TBT in mussel and 9400-11,000 in marine fish) (Sudaryanto et al., 2005d) were also close to or above the threshold levels of toxic implications, such as imposex in mollusks and immunotoxicity in mussel (St-Jean et al., 2002). The levels were also near to the criteria established by US-EPA (2003) to protect saltwater aquatic life from chronic toxic effects of TBT (0.0074 pg L-1). Indeed, high incidence of imposex in gastropods has been shown to occur in Indonesia, such as the Ambon coastal area (Ellis and Pattisina, 1990). An evidence of ecotox-icological impact of TBT, imposex incidence is also a usual phenomenon in gastropods in coastal waters of some other Asian countries... 

Arsenic, Cobalt, Copper TT assessment of relationships between acute toxicity and various experimental variables (e.g., metal concentration in water, time of exposure, bioconcentration factor) with two fish species. F,F (Liao and Lin, 2001)... 

Suggest how the bioconcentration factor may be used in discussing the ecotoxicology of toxic substances. How does the bioconcentration factor relate to the octanol-water partition coefficient. Although the concept of bioconcentration applies well to fish in water, it is not useful for humans and land animals. What is used instead Suggest how the concept of bioconcentration might pertain to humans with respect to their diets. 

Kanazawa, J. (1981) Measurement of the bioconcentration factors of pesticides by fresh-water fish and their correlation with physicochemical properties of acute toxicities. Pest. Sci. 12, 417 124. 

Kaiser, K.L.E., Dixon, D.G., Hodson, PV. (1984) QSAR studies on chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and para-substituted phenols. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology. Kaiser, K. L. E., Ed., pp. 189-206, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kamlet, M.J., Doherty, R.M., Carr, P.W., Mackay, D., Abraham, M.H., Taft, R.W. (1988) Linear solvation energy relationship. 44. Parameter estimation rules that allow accurate prediction of octanol/water partition coefficients and other solubility and toxicity properties of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 503-509. Kanazawa, J. (1981) Measurement of the bioconcentration factors of pesticides by fresh-water fish and their correlation with physicochemical properties of acute toxicities. Pest. Sci. 12, 417-424. 

No experimental data regarding the bioconcentration potential of DNOC in aquatic organisms were located. Based on an estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 40 (Kenaga 1980), the bioconcentration of DNOC in aquatic organisms may not be significant however, based on an estimated log octanol/water partition coefficient [log(K°w)j value of 2.85, DNOC may bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (Loehr and Krishnamoorthy 1988). Given that DNOC exists predominantly in ionic forms in most natural waters (pH 5-9) and that the compound is markedly toxic to fish, bioconcentration is not expected to be important (EPA 1979). 

It was found that adverse effects, disease and mortality in both treated and control fish can influence the kinetics of the chemical in fish. Mortality, therefore, should normally be <10% at the end of the test. Geyer et al. [29] found that the elimination rate of a chemical in aquatic gill-breathing animals is greater, if toxic effects occur and especially if the lipid content is decreasing during the test. That means that the half-life (ti/2) and the bioconcentration factor of a chemical is smaller if the concentration in the water is so high that toxic effects occur. Therefore, the concentration of the test chemical in the water has to be so low that... 

Pendimethalin is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. The 96 h LC50 value for pendimethalin in rainbow trout is 138 pgl The bioconcentration factor for this compound in whole fish is 5100, indicating a moderate potential to accumulate in aquatic organisms. 

ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Aquatic toxicity. Zebra fish, 96-h LC50 Aquatic toxicity, Daphnia magna, 48-h, EC50 Bioconcentration factor Partition coefficient mg 1- mg 1-1 49.3-437.1 (in carp logKow >100 69/24H 30 days) 10.03... 

To solve the equation for the internal fish toxicant concentration, Cp, the relationship between bioconcentration factors and kinetic constants specifically,... 

This study was undertaken to test the ability of our previous molecular connectivity models to accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylbenzenes, alkenylbenzenes, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, heterocyclic arid substituted PAHs, and halogenated phenols. Tests performed on large groups of such compounds clearly demonstrate that these simple nonempirical models accurately predict the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of the above compounds. Moreover, they outperform traditional empirical models based on 1-octanol/ water partition coefficients or water solubilities in accuracy, speed, and range of applicability. These results show that the molecular connectivity models are a very accurate predictive tool for the soil sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicities in fish of a wide range of organic chemicals and that it can be confidently used to rank potentially hazardous chemicals and thus to create a priority testing list. ... 

Bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish has been considered to depend on the lipophilicity of chemicals, i.e., n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P or Kq, ). Hence, lipid contents of test organisms may also influence the bioaccumulation of chemicals. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of 12 chemicals were measured in common carp to elucidate the relationship between BCFs and lipid contents of fish. The results clearly show that there are very good correlations between BCFs and lipid contents of fish for all chemicals tested. The octanol/water partition coefficient will become a more useful tool to predict bioaccumulation and toxicity of chemicals if the relationship of BCFs and lipid contents is utilized. 

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