First application

Both the Study Director and a QA agent should be present at the first application. SOPs must be followed, documentation must be correct and complete, equipment must be calibrated and its maintenance records must be documented, safety procedures must be in place, and the fine points of application methodology should be discussed with the applicator. Guidelines for applications can be found in Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines , Office of Prevention, Protection and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) 860.1500. 

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The first application has been fully developed and is performed in a routine service Turbine disks are tested for extremely small iron inclusions. The physical principal is to measure their magnetic remanence. 

It is possible to identify particular spectral features in the modulated reflectivity spectra to band structure features. For example, in a direct band gap the joint density of states must resemble that of critical point. One of the first applications of the empirical pseudopotential method was to calculate reflectivity spectra for a given energy band. Differences between the calculated and measured reflectivity spectra could be assigned to errors in the energy band... 

The first application of the time-resolved CIDNP method by Closs and co-workers involved tire Norrish 1 cleavage of benzyl phenyl ketone [24, 25]. Geminate RPs may recombine to regenerate the starting material while escaped RPs may fonn the starting ketone (12), bibenzyl (3), or benzil (4), as shown below. 

The ultimate approach to simulate non-adiabatic effects is tln-ough the use of a fiill Scln-ddinger wavefunction for both the nuclei and the electrons, using the adiabatic-diabatic transfomiation methods discussed above. The whole machinery of approaches to solving the Scln-ddinger wavefiinction for adiabatic problems can be used, except that the size of the wavefiinction is now essentially doubled (for problems involving two-electronic states, to account for both states). The first application of these methods for molecular dynamical problems was for the charge-transfer system... 

As a first application, consider the case of a single particle with spin quantum number S. The spin functions will then transform according to the IRREPs of the 3D rotational group SO(3), where a is the rotational vector, written in the operator form as [36]... 

The first application of the Gaussian distribution is in medical decision making or diagnosis. We wish to determine whether a patient is at risk because of the high cholesterol content of his blood. We need several pieces of input information an expected or normal blood cholesterol, the standard deviation associated with the normal blood cholesterol count, and the blood cholesterol count of the patient. When we apply our analysis, we shall anive at a diagnosis, either yes or no, the patient is at risk or is not at risk. 

One of the first applications of this technique was to the enrichment of and "B isotopes, present as 18.7 and 81.3 per cent, respectively, in natural abundance. Boron trichloride, BCI3, dissociates when irradiated with a pulsed CO2 laser in the 3g vibrational band at 958 cm (vj is an e vibration of the planar, D j, molecule). One of the products of dissociation was detected by reaction with O2 to form BO which then produced chemiluminescence (emission of radiation as a result of energy gained by chemical reaction) in the visible region due to A U — fluorescence. Irradiation in the 3g band of BCls or "BCI3 resulted in °BO or BO chemiluminescence. The fluorescence of °BO is easily resolved from that of "BO. 

Commercial scale plant started up in the spring of 1988 purifying a bulk chemical. This is the first application of the CCCC process on this bulk chemical. 

Offsets Policy Offsets were EPAs first application of the concept that one source could meet its environmental protection obligations by getting another source to assume additional control actions. In nonattainment areas, pollution from a proposed new source, even one that controls its emissions to the lowest possible level, would aggravate existing violations of ambient air-quahty standards and trigger the statutory prohibition. The offsets policy provided these new sources with an alternative. The source could proceed with construction plans, provided that ... 

The first application is related to tire molecular interaction between surface-liirked DNA and pollutants or dmgs, in order to develop a simple device for rapid screening of toxic compounds or better to try to quantify the genotoxicity of a specific sample. 

The chemical reaction catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) was the first application of the QM-MM method in CHARMM to the smdy of enzyme catalysis [26]. The study calculated an energy pathway for the reaction in the enzyme and decomposed the energetics into specific contributions from each of the residues of the enzyme. TIM catalyzes the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) as part of the glycolytic pathway. Extensive experimental studies have been performed on TIM, and it has been proposed that Glu-165 acts as a base for deprotonation of DHAP and that His-95 acts as an acid to protonate the carbonyl oxygen of DHAP, forming an enediolate (see Fig. 3) [58]. 

An appreciation of statistical results can be gained from a study conducted to support the first application of computer control for an ethylene oxide production unit at Union Carbide Corporation in 1958. For the above purpose, twenty years of production experience with many units was correlated by excellent statisticians who had no regard for kinetics or chemistry. In spite of this, they did excellent, although entirely empirical work. One statement they made was ... [ethane has a significant effect on ethylene oxide production.] This was rejected by most technical people because it did not appear to make any sense ethane did not react, did not chemisorb, and went through the reactor unchanged. 

Since the first application of turbocompressors (Figure 4-1) in large-scale production of nitric acid as a raw material for fertilizers, explosives, plastics, and a variety of other chemical products, the requirements on processes as well as on rotating equipment have become increasingly demanding. Environmental as well as economic considerations have heavily influenced the development of such plants. 

One of the first applications of the Redux process was in construction of structural aluminum parts for the de Havilland bomber Sea Hornet produced during World War II ([198], pp. 80-81 [202,203]). In the original fonn, it consisted of a two-part adhesive including a low viscosity liquid phenolic known... 

The first application of chlorine in potable water was introduced in the 1830s for taste and odor control, at that time diseases were thought to be spread by odors. It was not until the 1890s and the advent of the germ theory of disease that the importance of disinfection in potable water was understood. Chlorination was first introduced on a practical scale in 1908 and then became a common practice. 

This formula was confirmed hy Haworth and Perkin s synthesis of a-flZZocryptopine from herherine, the first application of a process, of which examples have heen given already in the syntheses of cryptopine (p. 298) and protopine (p. 301) hy the same authors. Anhydrotetrahydromethyl-herherine (I cf. hase (a), p. 346) in dry chloroform was added to a solution of perhenzoic acid in ether cooled helow 5°. The amine oxide, C21H23O5N (II), separated as an oil, which after shaking with sodium hydroxide solution, solidified and was crystallised from water in slender prisms, m.p. 135°. It was dissolved in acetic acid, hydrochloric acid added, the mixture heated in boiling water for an hour and the hase precipitated hy addition of potassium hydroxide. The precipitate was dissolved in methyl alcohol, ether added, the alcohol washed out with water and the ethereal... 

The pioneering calculations of Wolfsberg and Helmholtz on Mn04, Cr04 and CIO4 are usually cited as the first applications of extended Hiickel theory... 

The first application of the Jacobsen-Katsuki epoxidation reaction to kinetic resolution of prochiral olefins was nicely displayed in the total synthesis of (+)-teretifolione B by Jacobsen in 1995. 

The first application of the Hammett equation to a heterocyclic system is contained in Hammett s original work, where his reaction series 9 is the ionization of 5-substituted 2-furoic acids. In addition, one of Hammett s original substituents is the CH202-group, i.e., the cr-value which compares the reactivity of... 

Hie first application of a coppet-catalyzed conjugate addition of dietliybinc to 2-cydobexenone, using diital pbospborous ligand 12, was reported by Alexakis iFig. 7.1) [35], An ee of 32° o was obtained. 

The first example of homogeneous transition metal catalysis in an ionic liquid was the platinum-catalyzed hydroformylation of ethene in tetraethylammonium trichlorostannate (mp. 78 °C), described by Parshall in 1972 (Scheme 5.2-1, a)) [1]. In 1987, Knifton reported the ruthenium- and cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation of internal and terminal alkenes in molten [Bu4P]Br, a salt that falls under the now accepted definition for an ionic liquid (see Scheme 5.2-1, b)) [2]. The first applications of room-temperature ionic liquids in homogeneous transition metal catalysis were described in 1990 by Chauvin et al. and by Wilkes et ak. Wilkes et al. used weekly acidic chloroaluminate melts and studied ethylene polymerization in them with Ziegler-Natta catalysts (Scheme 5.2-1, c)) [3]. Chauvin s group dissolved nickel catalysts in weakly acidic chloroaluminate melts and investigated the resulting ionic catalyst solutions for the dimerization of propene (Scheme 5.2-1, d)) [4]. 

The first application involving a catalytic reaction in an ionic liquid and a subsequent extraction step with SCCO2 was reported by Jessop et al. in 2001 [9]. These authors described two different asymmetric hydrogenation reactions using [Ru(OAc)2(tolBINAP)] as catalyst dissolved in the ionic liquid [BMIM][PFg]. In the asymmetric hydrogenation of tiglic acid (Scheme 5.4-1), the reaction was carried out in a [BMIM][PF6]/water biphasic mixture with excellent yield and selectivity. When the reaction was complete, the product was isolated by SCCO2 extraction without contamination either by catalyst or by ionic liquid. 

Although the principle of fuel cells has been known since 1838, practical applications arc fairly recent. The first applications were in the space program, where fuel cells powered the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. In the 1960s and 1970s, fuel cells... 

Propellers for the marine environment appeared first in the eighteenth centui y. The French mathematician and founder of hydrodynamics, Daniel Bernoulli, proposed steam propulsion with screw propellers as early as 1752. However, the first application of the marine propeller was the hand-cranked screw on American inventor David Bushnell s submarine, Turtle in 1776. Also, many experimenters, such as steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, incorporated marine propellers into their designs. 

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