Fire retardancy protective coatings

For small-scale laboratory transfers, recommended personal protective equipment includes a minimum of a full face shield and fire retardant lab coat. A recent tragic occurrence which resulted in the death of a university laboratory student (35) while handling tert-butyllithium would likely not have happened had the person been wearing proper personal protective equipment. A detailed discussion of techniques for safe laboratory transfers of metal alkyls is available (36). 

Fire retardant cable coating - the systems and cables that are fire-protected by a special non-flammable coating. At some NPPs only the safety system cables are coated, while at other NPPs other vital systems also have coated cables. Data providers should choose the appropriate option from the multiple-choice menu no cables, safety-related cables, safety-related + other systems. 

Some of tlie salts of bismuth are used in medicines for the relief of digestive disorders because of the smooth, protective coating the compounds impart to imtated mucous membranes. Like barium, bismuth also is used as an aid in x-ray diagnostic procedures because of its opacity to x-rays. At one time, certain bismuth compounds were used in the treatment of syphilis. Bismuth oxychloride, which is pcarlcsccnt, has found use in cosmetics, imparting a frosty appearance to nail polish, eye shadow, and lipstick, but may be subject to increasing controls. Bismuth phosphomolybdate has been used as a catalyst in the production of acrylonitrile for use in synthetic fibers and paints. Bismuth oxide and subcarbonate are used as fire retardants for plastics. 

Perfluoroalkyl compounds have been manufactured since the 1950s.The total production of fluorinated surfactants (anionic, cationic and neutral) was 2001 in 1979, whereas in 2000 the total production of PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) alone was nearly 3000t (Shoeib et al., 2004). Together with PFOA (perfluoroocta-noic acid), PFOS is used in refrigerants, surfactants, fire retardants, stain-resistant coatings for fabrics, carpets and paper and insecticides. Surface treatments, such as protection of clothing and carpets constitute the largest volume of PFOS production (Moriwaki, Takata and Arakawa, 2003). PFOA as well is present in several... 

Fire-retardant paint is a surface coating or impregnation that will impart a substantial degree of protection from flame or fire to the material to which it is applied. 

Paint compounds which do not provide these features to a satisfactory degree are either low-grade paints or merely coatings. A number of coatings have been offered on the market to provide protection against fire. Some of these are effective fire-retardant compounds, but the majority will not withstand weathering and thus have limited interior use only. To overcome this deficiency, manufacturers recommend a second or protective coat of moisture-resistant material. As an alternative means of achieving this same result, fire-retardant chemicals can be sprayed or brushed on wood and protected by a normal paint after the chemical dries. 

Certain chemicals intumesce and form a heat-insulating mat of spongy tough cells. Experiments with various fire-retardant coatings and paints indicate this to be the most effective type of protection so far developed. If the paint qualities can be improved to meet requirements for high-quality exterior paint without sacrificing any of the fire-retardant ability, there is no question of a wide market for the product. 

I he words fire-retardant coatings usually imply paints or coating materials that will slow down or impede the progress of fire. The term as used here refers to a coating system that will not only prevent the progression of fire but also insulate and protect from heat the base to which the coating is applied. The base material is metal, usually aluminum. 

Fire-retardant-treated wood is durable and stable under normal exposure conditions. Treatments using inorganic water-soluble salts, however, are not recommended for exterior exposures to rain and weathering unless the treatment can be adequately protected by water-repellent coating. Exterior-type treatments in which the chemicals are "fixed" in the wood in some manner are leach resistant and nonhygroscopic. 

A mixture of ammonium chloride and borax was one of the treatments of cellulosic fabrics reported by Gay-Lussac in 1821. Due to its low dehydration temperature and water solubility, sodium borates are only used as flame retardants in cellulose insulation (ground-up newspaper— see Sections 9.2.1.2 and 9.2.2.1), wood timber, textiles, urethane foam, and coatings. For example, a mixture of urethane (100 parts), borax (100 phr), and perlite (30phr) was claimed to provide flame-retardant urethane foam.8 Borax in conjunction with boric oxide, silica, ammonium chloride, and APB as ceramizing additives and volume builders, are claimed in a fire-protection coating based on polybutadiene and silicone microemulsion.9 Using a modified DIN 4102 test, the chipboard with the coating showed a loss of mass less than 1% and there was no pyrolysis of the wood sample. 

Its usage in polymers, however, is limited by its high water solubility (10.9%) and low dehydration temperature. PPG reported the use of APB in conjunction with APP, zinc borate, silica, talc, and so on, in a flame-retardant intumescent coating for protection against hydrocarbon fires.78... 

The efficiency of intumescent fire retardants could be enhanced by interlayers that deliver the active components to the surface (shown by two examples). The fire-retardant additives, delivered to the surface at early stage of combustion, accelerate the formation of protecting surface layer that hinders the degradation of the underlying material. This coating structure could be reinforced by an interlayer of ceramizing capability (e.g., polyborosiloxane). Phosphorus-free intumescent fire-retardant system could be formed by using such additive. 

NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood and Fire Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Table 1 Uses of Alumina Solid alumina Furnace components Catalyst substrates Electronics substrates Electrical insulators Cutting tools Bearings Spark Plugs Arc lamp tubes Laser hosts Gem stones Alumina powders Abrasives Catalyst pellets Alumina coatings Oxidation protection of aluminum and aluminum alloys Capacitors Transisitors Bioceramics Alumina fibers Thermal insulators Fire retardation Alumina as a component of...

Application of fire-resistant coatings is one of the basic methods of protecting wood and other flammable materials from the influence of a fire and increased temperature. It is desirable to impart both short-term protection, to allow evacuation from a building, and long-term protection, to protect the surfaces from heat and fire damage and to prevent combustion. In recognition of the foregoing, various compositions have been developed that can add fire-retardant (-resistant) performance to substrates. 

It has been demonstrated in recent years that the nanotechnology can be applied to textiles to enhance various properties, especially in functional coatings, such as fabric softness, durability and breathability, water repellency, fire retardency, antimicrobial properties, anticrease properties, UV protection, self-cleaning properties and like in fiber, yarn and fabrics [131, 134-136]. Undyable polypropylene fiber can be made dyeable by... 

Due to its doubled fluorine atoms, polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), is even less affected by the environment than is PVF (including its property of fire retardance) and stands between PVF and the superior chemical properties of PTFE. However, PVDF has far better mechanical properties than PTFE. It is also used as a top coat to protect PVC coatings against environmental influences. 

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