University laboratories

Scanning probe microscopy is a forefront technology that is well established for research in surface physics. STM and SFM are now emerging ftom university laboratories and gaining acceptance in several industrial markets. For topographic analysis and profilometry, the resolution and three-dimensional nature of the data is... 

The first detailed model of the atom, proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1898, was based upon the expectation that the atom was a sphere of positive electricity in which electrons were embedded like plums in a pudding. This picture of the atom was not particularly satisfying because it was not useful in predicting or explaining the chemical properties of the atom. Finally, in 1911, a series of experiments performed in the McGill University laboratory of Ernest Rutherford showed that Thomson s picture of the atom had to be abandoned. 

There appears to be evidence from certain university laboratories that, although applied magnetic fields do not interact directly with... 

Industrial chemistry is barely 100 years old, but tremendous developments were made during that time because of advances in basic chemical and engineering science. These advances resulted from research efforts conducted within chemical industry laboratories as well as in university laboratories. During the 1950s, the nature of the industry changed from emphasis on development of totally new products to refinement of existing types of products. In recent years, product refinements have been guided by concerns about human health and protection of the environment. 

California, Davis, University of Florida, Michigan State University, and various satellite university laboratories... 

This review outlines some of the more important pharmacologic and toxicologic principles which have been highlighted by the work of the government, commercial, and university laboratories that have been concerned with this problem (3, 5,13,16). 

A Versatile University Laboratory for Studies on the Basic Chemistry of... 

Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Laboratory of Organic Synthesis Division of Molecular Chemistry Sapporo 060-8628 Japan... 

Nowadays every university laboratory is doubtless supplied with steel cylinders in which the most important gases in common use are stored in the compressed state. 

Nakashima, N. and Kunitake, T. (1978). Unpublished results in the Kyushu University laboratories... 

Since the publication of the first edition in 1955 there has been a substantial increase in the relevant technical literature but the majority of developments have originated in research work in government and university laboratories rather than in industrial companies. As a result, correlations based on laboratory data have not always been adequately confirmed on the industrial scale. However, the section on absorption towers contains data obtained on industrial equipment and most of the expressions used in the chapters on distillation and evaporation are based on results from industrial practice. 

The collaboration among the above-mentioned groups was intense and admirable. It represented a historic case in which members of the most scientific research teams in government and university laboratories collaborated totally with research scienhsts in the pharmaceutical industry with the objective to (1) determine whether a virus was present in human blood that might transmit this disease and (2) if so, how the products could be treated before use in human patients to eliminate the parasite. Before the end of the decade, researchers at the NIH and the Pasteur Institute in France isolated a virus they called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), thought to be the cause of AIDS. 

The membrane research and development activities of some university laboratories is also a fallout of the nuclear membrane program. The inorganic membrane work performed by the University of Montpellier originated in a cooperative effort with the neighboring Euroceral plant. This cooperative effort continued with Ceraver subsequent to the shutdown of the Euroceral plant. 

War broke out in Europe and it was obvious that America would become part of the conflict. The Office of Scientific Research and Development and the National Research and Development Committee were established in late 1941. Various universities furnished the people for these agencies and most university laboratories accepted contracts related to studying problems of interest to the Department of Defense. Adams was important in this effort and so included Speed as a participant. 

In the completed survey, only 39 laboratories, with 67 studies, yielded usable data. Twenty-three of the testing facilities were sponsor laboratories, 11 contract laboratories, and hve university laboratories. Forty-eight of the studies were completed and 19 ongoing. The findings showed that sponsor laboratories met 69% of the requirements, the contract laboratories met 56% of the requirements, and university laboratories met only 46% of the requirements. 

The FDA has made it clear that the duration of the study and the place where the study is conducted do not determine whether or not the study is GLP-regulated. Thus, the GLPs apply to short-term studies (e.g., median lethal dose studies and irritation studies) as well as long-term studies that meet all of the above criteria, and the GLPs apply to such studies whether conducted in a manufacturer s lahora-tories, in a university laboratory, or at a contract or subcontract facUity. The FDA expects GLP compliance for studies conducted in foreign countries as well as for those conducted within the United States. 

Resonance-ionization mass-spectrometry is still in the development stage in terms of its application to cosmochemistry. The Charisma instrument, which is operated by Argonne National Laboratories, uses multiple lasers to resonantly ionize only the elements of interest, which are then analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The Charisma instrument has made isotopic measurements of molybdenum, zirconium, strontium, ruthenium, barium and other elements in presolar grains. These measurements are made possible by the high ionization efficiency of the RIMS technique and its ability to completely eliminate isobaric interferences. Work is now underway to build a RIMS instrument that can be operated by an individual investigator in a university laboratory. If this succeeds, RIMS will play an increasing role in analysis of extraterrestrial materials. 

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