Finish systems

Hot pressing with a smooth plate has an advantage in smoothing the grain, and the heat can be used to cure the resin of the finish. The hot pressing is anticipated in the design of the finish system and in the choice of the resins by the finish manufacturer. 

Although the difference between toners and tinted sealers may not be clearly defined, it is usually the role of the tinted sealer to provide both color and sealing properties. Therefore the tinted sealer usually is higher in soHds and provides the majority of color to the finish. There has been a resurgence of popularity of tinted sealers, owing to the appeal of blonde or natural finishes. The fact that tinted sealers are becoming more popular maybe the result in part of their abiHty to fiU the roles of both stain and film builder within a finishing system. 

Figure 5 illustrates a typical distillation train in a styrene plant. Benzene and toluene by-products are recovered in the overhead of the benzene—toluene column. The bottoms from the benzene—toluene column are distilled in the ethylbenzene recycle column, where the separation of ethylbenzene and styrene is effected. The ethylbenzene, containing up to 3% styrene, is taken overhead and recycled to the dehydrogenation section. The bottoms, which contain styrene, by-products heavier than styrene, polymers, inhibitor, and up to 1000 ppm ethylbenzene, are pumped to the styrene finishing column. The overhead product from this column is purified styrene. The bottoms are further processed in a residue-finishing system to recover additional styrene from the residue, which consists of heavy by-products, polymers, and inhibitor. The residue is used as fuel. The residue-finishing system can be a flash evaporator or a small distillation column. This distillation sequence is used in the Fina-Badger process and the Dow process. 

Blends of wool and cotton (80 20) are being used more and more. For durable-press properties, resins, catalysts, and polymeric additives in finishing systems must be adjusted (186). 

Robinson Evaluation of Various Magnesium Finishing Systems , Proc. IMA World Magnesium Conference, New York (1985)... 

Industrial finishing systems are applied to a wide variety of substrates, the majority of which are metallic, but they are also applied to paper, wood, wood composites, cement products and plastics. Often a high quality of decoration is required, as well as protection from a number of hazards, such as knocks, abrasions, bending or forming and contact with non-corrosive liquids. Resistance to the weather may be required. Outdoor finishing systems, and many others, are also required to protect metal against corrosion. 

It may be possible to decorate or even to protect some surfaces with a single coat or finish, but protection of metal against corrosion always requires a finishing system. A full finishing system will require some or all of the following coatings. 

Selection is therefore a compromise. The variety of choices available to the manufacturer will now be illustrated by considering how these factors can operate in the selection of finishing systems for metal articles to be protected from corrosion. 

The modern motor car is made from steel, zinc or zinc alloy-coated steel and some plastic parts, all of which require painting. The main component is the body shell, made from the above metals, and this is coated in a continuous production process. A full finishing system with all four coatings is usually applied for maximum protection and a high quality appearance. 

If a motor car has to be refinished after repair, commonsense suggests that the original finishing system would be ideal for maintenance of protection and durability. However, with tyres, upholstery, fabric and plastic trim fitted and petrol in the tank, the use of such high stoving temperatures is not practical. The practical upper temperature limit is 80°C. This means that none of the original materials is suitable, not even the acrylic lacquer, since this is designed to be sanded and the scratches reflowed at 155 C. 

Low-pressure SF products can have characteristic surface splay patterns. However, the utilization of increased mold temperatures, increased injection rates, or grained mold surfaces will serve to minimize or hide this surface streaking. Finishing systems like... 

A further constraint, traditionally not so high on the list, is the primary thrust of object-oriented and component-based design. This is to ensure that the finished system not only works but also can be changed easily to meet changing business requirements. 

Coding Can Even Help with Analysis. People know what they don t want better than they know what they do want. (Ask any parent ) When you put a finished system in front of customers, they ll soon tell you what changes they need. And the system will alter their mode of work, so their requirements will change anyway. To circumvent some of this, deliver early a slide show or a prototype or a vertical slice—whatever will stimulate the imagination. 00 can be great for this incremental design, but it must be a clear part of the plan. 

Ortiz, A. Rutz, R. Development, Use, and Performance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) ASTM Special Technical Publication 1187, 1995 pp 140-148. 

Details are given of water penetration and moisture characteristics of barrier Exterior Insulation Finish Systems clad walls. The study includes results from a field investigation, laboratory experiments and computer simulations. The system includes a PE vapour retarder and PS foam. 2 refs. 

A modified USP XXI disintegration test apparatus (4000 ml beaker instead of 1000 ml low-form beaker) was used to control the finished systems. 

Benzene and toluene by-products are recovered in the overhead of the benzene-toluene distillation column. The bottoms from the benzene-toluene column are distilled in the ethylbenzene recycle column, where the separation of ethylbenzene and styrene is effected. The bottoms, are pumped to file styrene finishing column. The overhead product from this column is purified styrene. The bottoms are further processed in a residue-finishing system to recover additional styrene from the residue. 

Each phase of the SLC must be controlled to maximize the probability that a finished system meets all quality, regulatory, safety, and specification requirements. If an SLC approach is applied properly, no additional work will be required to validate a system. For each SLC period and event, computer systems validation requires that the development processes are documented work products. As explained in Chapter 2, phase gate verification activities performed during each event may be a perfect place to review and quantify the quality of all products needed to support the next phase. 

More significantly, the design of the whole system should be subject to an optimization process with respect to sustainability aspects such as cost and wastes [86]. As shown in industrial applications, there are surface finishing systems for which the recovery of electrolytes is feasible and economically attractive [87]. 

Care must be taken that finish systems not contain de-foamers or foam destabilizers. Polyvalent metal salts are often used as catalysts in resin systems and several of these, such as zinc nitrate,strongly inhibit foam generation. This is not dissimilar to the foam inhibiting action of hard water on fatty acid soaps. 

BPA is separated from byproducts in a proprietary solvent crystallization and recovery system (5) to produce the adduct of p,p BPA and phenol. Mother liquor from the purification system is distilled in the solvent recovery column (6) to recover dissolved solvent. The solvent-free mother liquor stream is recycled to the reaction system. A purge from the mother liquor is sent to the purge recovery system (7) along with the recovered process water to recover phenol. The recovered purified adduct is processed in a BPA finishing system (8) to remove phenol from product, and the resulting molten BPA is solidified in the prill tower (9) to produce product prills suitable for the merchant BPA market. 

Low boiling substances are removed from the chilled reactor product by distilling up to a cut point of 80 °C. These low boilers are gaseous dimethyl ether, methyl acetate, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and ethyl acetate. The bottoms are flash-distilled to recover the rhodium catalyst. Flash distilled acid is azeotropically dehydrated. In the final distillation, glacial acid is obtained. Traces of iodine that may remain in the finished acid may be removed by fractional crystallization or by addition of a trace of methanol followed by distillation of the methyl iodide that forms. Somewhere in the carbonylation reaction, a minute amount of propionic acid seems to be made. It typically is found in the residues of the acetic acid finishing system and can be removed by purging the finishing column bottoms. 

K-Resin SBC was invented by Alonzo Kitchen, a research chemist at Phillips Petroleum Research and Development laboratories. With inventorship came the opportunity to name the new resin, which he called K-Resin . The first pilot plant resins were made in 1967, and commercial samples were prepared for test marketing in 1968. Commercial production started in October of 1972 at the SBC plant in Borger, Texas, on a 10 million pound per year capacity line. Initially, the solution product was steam stripped to remove the hydrocarbon solvent, but this left a significant haze in the resin. The finishing system was quickly converted to a devolatilizing extruder. Commercial production continued at this plant until 1979, ending with the opening of a new production facility at Adams Terminal (later renamed the Houston Chemical Complex) in Pasadena, Texas. The new plant had a nameplate capacity of 120 million pounds per year. Plant expansions increased the production capacity in 1988 and 1994 to a total nameplate capacity around 300 million pounds per year. 

---