Financing, methods

Plant investment was prepared by the Dravo Corp. Gas price was presented on the basis of "a typical utilities guidelines which differed in many details from the utility financing method of C. F. Braun. In the case of COGAS, liquid product credit has a substantial effect on the gas price. In the paper this credit was at current market prices of 15.40/bbl for No. 4 fuel oil and 16.80 for naphtha. The resulting plant tailgate gas price on a 20-year operating time DCF basis was 5.08/MMBtu. However, if the liquids and gas are priced on an equivalent Btu basis, the fuel oil would be 25/bbl, the naphtha 27/bbl and the gas 4.10/MMBtu. These latter liquid prices are in the range of those estimated for liquids from coal by other processes. 

Equation (2) is used for installation costs of power plants producing 86,400 kW or more and equation (4) for power plants producing less than 86,400 kW. Using the above equations, the model calculates the cost per unit of electricity by each of two financing methods — the utility method and the municipal method. 

A typical large electric power plant (whether fossil or nuclear) is built by a variety of these financing methods. 

Insurance and Ri In the venture-premium method of assessment, risky investments are required to yield a rate of return that adds a premium to the cost of finance. D. F. Rudd and C. C. Watson (The Strategy of Process Engineering, Wiley, New York, 1968, p. 91) consider this relationship ... 

Accounting is also the language of business, and the different departments of management use it to communicate within a broad context of financial and cost terms. Engineers involved in feasibihty studies and detailed process evaluations are dependent for financi information on the company accountants, especially for information on the way in which the company intends to allocate its overhead costs. It is vital that engineers correctlv interpret such information and that they can, if necessaiy, make tlie accountants understand the effect of the chosen method of allocation. 

The issue of common stock is the basic method of financing a com-... 

Tax and economic conditions can make leasing a feasible method of financing hydrocarbon processing facilities. The operating company leases the plant from an investor. 

This method, which is favored by many accountants today, takes into account the concept that money has a time value. This is because 2000 in 10 years time is not the same as 2000 now. Similarly, if a project earns 2000 in 10 years time this is not the same as 2000 spent now to help finance the project. If, instead of spending this 2000, it had been invested at compound interest, then in 10 years time it would have become a much larger... 

Where there are constraints upon the provision of funds then the DCF rate of return method will be the more appropriate. Where the organization has ready access to finance then the NPV method, using the known long-term borrowing rate, should be used. 

Contract hire. Although not strictly a source of outside finance, this is a method of avoiding capital outlay, especially favored for vehicles. Again, there are many varying systems to be found. 

A method of financing development whereby a company (the lessee) may rent equipment owned by a third party (the lessor) out of cash flow generated by that equipment. 

A method of raising money to finance projects whereby the money is loaned on the security of the profitability of the project itself and not on the other assets of the company. 

Methode de financement par laquelle une compagnie (le preneur) peut louer du materiel appartenant a un tiers (le bailleur) en utilisant pour le paiement le flux de tresorerie obtenu grace k ce materiel. 

Methode d empmnt pour le financement de projets, la somme pretee 6tant garantie par la rentabilite du projet lui-meme, et non par les autres elements d actifs de la compagnie. 

In most countries, the financing of the dmg QC laboratory follows the same system as that of the DRA as a whole. Differences in the way budgets are allocated for the QC laboratory, as for other areas of dmg regulation, are found in Cypms, as summarized in Table 10.1. The data are not sufficient to show which method of financing is best for... 

The industry task forces (ARTF, ORETF, and others) are generating model protocols, efficient and accurate methods of sample collection, and analytical methods of appropriate detectability for use in field-worker exposure studies. Subsequently, the task forces are conducting field studies that will generate data for inclusion in several generic databases. It is understood that the databases will be the property of the member companies who have financed the work of the task forces. It is hoped, however, that the task forces will see fit to publish their protocols, methods, study designs, and other useful information in a volume like this one so that other scientists working in this discipline may access the information. 

There are three levels of equivalence for classifying products, each submitted to an identical maximum level of public financing chemical equivalence, pharmacological equivalence and therapeutic equivalence. The first level entails establishing groups for the same active ingredient, which at the same time include both generics and brand-name pharmaceuticals whose patent has expired. This is the system applied in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Spain. It encompasses bio-equivalent products with identical qualitative or quantitative composition, pharmaceutical form, dose, administration method and presentation . 

Common sense thus requires us to shun fundamentalist approaches and pay more attention to the details of public spending policies, that is, what Atkinson calls the subtle structure of welfare programmes (type of spending, aims, institutional aspects, profit regulation, conditions of access, selection of beneficiaries, method of financing and so on). In short, it is not tme that all s fair . 

Chemical process systems are subject to uncertainties due to many random events such as raw material variations, demand fluctuations, equipment failures, and so on. In this chapter we will utilize stochastic programming (SP) methods to deal with these uncertainties that are typically employed in computational finance applications. These methods have been very useful in screening alternatives on the basis of the expected value of economic criteria as well as the economic and operational risks involved. Several approaches have been reported in the literature addressing the problem of production planning under uncertainty. Extensive reviews surveying various issues in this area can be found in Applequist et al. (1997), Shah (1998), Cheng, Subrahmanian, and Westerberg (2005) and Mendez et al. (2006). 

Taxol was the most triumphant new anticancer drug developed in the last few decades. It resulted from a drive to screen thousands of synthesized compounds and plant extracts, financed by the National Cancer Institute (Georg et al. 1994, Suffness 1995, Goodman and Walsh 2001). Taxol is extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, or Taxus brevifoli, found in the Pacific Northwest, and has been proven effective against intractable breast and ovarian cancers. It is now produced by semi-synthetic methods from the needles of the common ornamental tree English Yew, or Taxus baccata. We will discuss taxol in greater detail in Chapter 2. 

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