Administration method

There are three levels of equivalence for classifying products, each submitted to an identical maximum level of public financing chemical equivalence, pharmacological equivalence and therapeutic equivalence. The first level entails establishing groups for the same active ingredient, which at the same time include both generics and brand-name pharmaceuticals whose patent has expired. This is the system applied in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Spain. It encompasses bio-equivalent products with identical qualitative or quantitative composition, pharmaceutical form, dose, administration method and presentation . 

Treatment can cause substantial toxicity, which differs depending on the individual agent, administration method, and combination regimen. Because a comprehensive review of toxicities is beyond the scope of this chapter, appropriate references should be consulted. 

Administration method affects clinical activity and toxicity. 5-FU is administered by IV bolus once weekly or daily for 5 days each month, or by continuous IV infusion. Efficacy evaluations favor continuous infusion 5-FU but none of the combination regimens with leucovorin has proven superior with regard to overall patient survival. 

To confirm their results and check for methodological problems, some studies have been carried out. As there was a probability that hypothermic conditions during temporary removal from dam may have affected the results, Pauluhn and Schmuck administered S-bioallethrin and deltamethrin to neonatal mice from postnatal day 10 to 16 under a hypo-, normo-, or hyperthermic environment, and measured the MAChR density at the age of 17 days [51]. Increase in MAChR in Cortex at PND 17 in animals treated with S-bioallethrin was observed. Meanwhile, no changes were observed in animals treated with deltamethrin. In addition, an enormous influence of environmental temperature on the density of MAChR receptors in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the cerebral cortex was ascertained. Tsuji et al. exposed mouse dams with their litters to D-allethrin by inhalation for 6 h from postnatal day 10 to 16. The inhalation administration method is the most relevant route of exposure for humans, including babies and infants, after indoor use of D-allethrin. The neonatal exposure to D-allethrin by inhalation did not induce effects either on the brain MAChR density or motor activity at 17 days and 4 months of age, or on performance in the leaming/memory test at 11 months of age [52]. Other unpublished studies with D-allethrin, S -bioallethrin, or deltamethrin were examined to confirm the results of Eriksson et al. and showed inconsistent results [53]. The reasons for discrepancy among these findings are unknown. 

One feature that distinguishes DMT is the short duration of effect (Strassman et al. 1994). The onset of effect is very rapid, partially due to administration method, and subsides completely in 30 minutes. With intravenous doses, subjects commonly report a "rush," where the rapid onset of effects is acutely experienced. In some, this creates feelings of anxiety and being overwhelmed. Intravenous doses of DMT at 0.2 mg/kg was a threshold for halluinogenic effects, while 0.05 mg/kg was often not discriminated from placebo. 

Extended-release amphetamine mixture capsules may be taken whole, or the capsule may be opened and the entire contents sprinkled on applesauce. If the patient is using the sprinkle administration method, the sprinkled applesauce should be consumed immediately. Patients should take the... 

Parenteral Administer each dose over at least 60 minutes. Intermittent infusion is the preferred administration method. 

Hekmat M, Smith R, Fung P. 1994. An evaluation of the occupational health and safety administration method for the "determination of chlorine dioxide in workplace atmosphere." Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55(11) 1087-1089. 

A comparison of the duration of effects of the various nitroglycerin administration methods showed that sublingually the duration was 30 minutes tablets. 12 hours transdermal, 24 hours. 

Depending on the particle morphology, several administration methods can be used aerosol, inhalation, and systemic- and subcutaneous injections. Typically, particles in the range of 5 to 100 pm are subcutaneously injectable, 1-5 pm particles are suitable for aerosol delivery and... 

Ritschel, W.A., et al. 1985. Disposition of nitroglycerin in the beagle dog after intravenous and buccal administration. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 7 307. 

The intravenous (IV) bolus is the administration method with the fewest variables and provides a natural starting point for understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of pharmaceuticals. 

Intravenous administration is the only method by which an entire drug dose reaches the bloodstream, so the, AUC of an IV route (AUCW) is the benchmark for determining F. Comparison of ACCs from other routes to A UCdV gives F for that particular administration method (Equation 7.22). 

Ozdemir V, Kalow W, Tang B-K, Paterson AD, Walker SE, Endrenyi L, Kashuba APM. Evaluation of the genetic component of variability in CYP3A4 activity a repeated drug administration method. Pharmacogenetics 2000 10 373-388. 

Dixon, W.C., "Occupational Safety and Health Administration Methods", pp 431 - 440 in NBS Special Publication 506, "Workshop on Asbestos Definitions and Methods" Edited by Gravatt, C.C., LaFleur, P.D. and Heinrich, F.J. Nov. 1978. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Stock 003-003-01993-3. U.S. Gov t Printing Office. 

The oral route is the most common and convenient of the existing administration methods for the systemic delivery of drugs. It affords high patient acceptability, compliance, and ease of administration. Moreover, the cost of oral therapy is generally much lower than that of parenteral therapy. 

Compared to all other possible routes of drag delivery, oral drag administration is the most common and convenient administration method and demonstrates high patient acceptability and compliance. 

The polymer formulations containing anticancer agents (paclitaxel and cis-platin) were evaluated in vivo in heterotrophic (mouse bladder tumor) and orphotrophic (rat prostate cancer) models. Single administration of polymer-pactlitaxel formulation intratumorally in a mouse bladder tumor model increased the survival rate of the animals compared to untreated animals and to animals treated with paclitaxel dispersion (conventional administration method) (27). The optimal load of paclitaxel in the polymer was established as 10% w/w. Mice treated with this formulation showed median survival rate (MSR) of... 

The microparticle system has become an indispensable part of the controlled drug delivery fields for the past few decades since it can readily be adapted for various administration methods. In particular, biodegradable polymeric microparticles can provide a number of advantages over conventional parenteral formulations ... 

Another role of the pharmacist is the selection of products, infusion devices (i.e., pump), and ancillary supplies. Many factors need to be considered when choosing the administration method, infusion device to use, and what ancillary supplies are needed. 

---