Fiji

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Fiji, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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Japan International Cooperation Agency, in Metal Mining Agemy of Japan, South Pacific AppHed Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Suva, Fiji, 1991. 

FIGURE 6.46 The oligomeric states of hemerythrin in various marine worms, (a) The hemerythrin in Thermkte zostericola crystallized as a monomer (b) the octameric hemerythrin crystallized from Phascolopsis gouldii (c) the trimeric hemerythrin crystallized from Sipiwnosoma collected in mangrove swamps in Fiji. 

Oil dislilkd in tbe Fiji li-kuds ha - a -syfccitic i-aviis 101 S lo I OSOh. acid value about 3C, usfi i value about 17. tuid ester value afu-i aceiylatioi about 14,1. lo all otb r i-i-a[i ias it coi respouds vi b l-liii-o[>eaii dl-.Lil p(l oil. 

The hark ot t i7i7iam mii > i ivdUiiieTi nau, a tri-e indigenous to the Fiji Islands, yields ahoul 1 pet cuiit. of oil, hav-ing the following ehar-... 

Bailey, I. W. and Smith, A. C. 1942. Degeneriaceae, a new family of flowering plants from Fiji. J. Arnold Arbor. 23 356-365. 

Miller, J. M. 1988. A new species of Degeneria (Degeneiiaceae) from the Fiji Archipelago. J. Arnold Arbor. 69 231-236. 

Smith, A. C. 1981. Pages 7-13 in Flora Vitiensis Nova a new flora of Fiji, Vol 2. Pacific Tropic... 

Back-arc spreading center 1 North Fiji Basin, Station 4 (16°59 S. 173°55 E) 1980 Axial graben at topographic high of north-central segment near triple junction. Sheet lava floor. Active (r = 290°C) anhydrite chimneys standing on dead sulfide mound. Forest of dead sulfide chimneys. Anhydrite, amorphous silica in dead chimneys pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, wurtzite, goethite. 

North Fiji Basin, Station 14 (18°50 S, 173°30 E) 2720 Collapsed lava lake on flat rise crest of fast spreading south-central segment. No sediment cover. Warm (T = 5.2°C) fluid discharge through mussel bed. No hydrothermal minerals. Site of megaplume (Noriji et al., 1989). None. 

Fiji Transform Fault Extensional Relay Zone A (16°10 S, 177°25 E) 1869-2335 Short spreading ridge axis which displaces Fiji transform fault as interpreted by Jarvis et al. (1994). Hydrothermal sulfide impregnation in MORB-like ba.salt dredged from axial valley. M etite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and opal on fracture surface. 

No. Host Axial Seamount CASM 14 B North Fiji Basin 24 B Mariana Trough at 18 N 11 A Valu Fa, Lou Basin 47 B, A, D Eastern Manus Basin 26 D Jade Okinawa Trough 17 R... 

Location No. 1 N. Fiji White Lady 7 Lau Vai Lili 13 Mariana Alice Spring 16 Okinawa Minami-Ensei 18 Okinawa Izena 21 Izu-Bonin Suiyo OBS EPR... 

Site No. Name of site 1 Okinawa Trough JADE 2 Okinawa Trough CLAM 3 Okinawa Trough South Ensei 4 Izu-Bonin Suiyo SM. 5 Mid-Mariana Trough Alice Springs 6 South Mariana Trough Forecast vent 7 Manus Basin Vienna Woods 8 North Fiji Basin 9 Lau Basin Vai Lili... 

Among the back-arc deposits, the features of the Okinawa Trough deposits are similar to those of Kuroko deposits, but North Fiji and Mariana deposits are different. For instance, gold, silver, zinc, lead and arsenic are rich in the Okinawa Myojin-Knoll Caldera and some Kuroko deposits but poor in the North Fiji and Mariana deposits. 

Low chloride concentrations of hydrothermal solutions were obtained from North Fiji Basin (Grimaud et al., 1991) and the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Butterfield et al, 1994). This wide variation in chloride concentration could be explained in terms of gas-liquid separation at the shallow part from the seafloor (Von Damm and Bischoff, 1987 Von Damm, 1988 Cowan and Cann, 1988). 

Ishibashi et al. (1994a) analyzed the chemical composition of white smoker from which anhydrite is precipitating at the North Fiji Ridge and showed that the chloride... 

N Axial Seamount CASM 14 N. Fiji Basin 24 Mariana Trough at 18°N 11 Valu Fa, Lau Basin 47 Eastern Manus Basin 26 Jade, Okinawa Trough 17... 

Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y, Auzende, J.M. and Urabe, T. (1991) Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 1°S active site on the North Fiji Basin Ridge (SW Pacific). Chem, Geol, 93, 209-218. 

Meufian Komandosky Kuril Japan Shikoku Okinawa Mariana Parace Vela W. Philippine South China Sulu Celebes Banda Molucca Makassar Andaman Caroline Manus Solomon Woodlark Coral Loyalty North Ril Lau-Havre South Fiji New Caledonia Emerald Tasman... 

As discussed in sections 1.5.3, 2.3 and 2.4.1, the hydrothermal solutions both from back-arc basins and midoceanic ridges are dominantly of seawater origin. Therefore, the fluxes of hydrothermal solution are estimated from seawater cycling rate. This rate is considered to be equal to oceanic production rate times seawater/rock ratio. Kaiho and Saito (1994) estimated the crustal production rate at back-arc basins (Okinawa, Mariana, Andaman, Manus, Woodlark, North Fiji, Lau-Havre, East Scotia and Cayman) based on the spreading rate, thickness of crust and length of ridge axis. Their estimated oceanic crustal production rate is 8.5 x 10 km /m.y. which is roughly equal to 2.5 x lO g/m.y. 

The Mn concentration of hydrothermal solution from back-arc basins varies widely from 12 p.mol/kg-H20 to 7100 p mol/kg H20 (Lau Basin, North Fiji Basin) (Gamo, 1995). But, it ranges mostly from 10 p.mol/kg -H20 to 300 xmol/kg H2O. Using this range and seawater cycling rate (= (0.08-0.8) x 10 g/year), we obtain Mn flux as (0.08-2.4) X 10 mol/year. 

Ba concentration of hydrothermal solution from back-arc basins ranges from 5.3 p.mol/kg-H20 (North Fiji Basin) to 100 p.mol/kg-H20 (Izu-Bonin Suiyo SM) (Gamo, 1995). Assuming that Ba concentration is (20-60) p.mol/kg H2O and seawater cycling rate is 1.8 x 10 g/year, we obtain Ba flux as (3-66) x 10 mol/year. This is greater than or comparable to that of midoceanic ridge flux (2.4-13 x 10 mol/year) (Elderfield and Schultz, 1996) and is comparable to or greater than that of riverine Ba flux (1 x 10 mol/year) (Elderfield and Schultz, 1996). 

During the last three decades, many hydrothermal deposits have been discovered at midoceanic ridges, back-arc basins and subaerial active geothermal systems. Characteristic features of back-arc deposits at the western Pacific region (e.g., Okinawa Trough, Izu Ogasawara, North Fiji and Mariana deposits) are very similar to those of Kuroko deposits. 

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl., or obscure morning glory, is a slender climber common on fences. It is native to tropical East Africa, the Mascarene Islands, tropical Asia, throughout the Malay Archipelago, to northern Australia and Fiji. The leaves are cordate to 5 cm long and the flowers are infundibuliform and creamy white (Fig. 35). 

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