Triple junctions

An EDX spectrum typical of thin-film analysis in TEM/(S)TEM is shown in Eig. 4.26. It was obtained from a polycrystalline TiC/Zr02 ceramic by use of an Si(Li) detector at 100 keV primary electron energy. Eor spectrum recording the electron probe of approximately 1 nm in diameter was focused on the triple junction between the grains in the STEM mode (Eig. 4.26a). Besides the elements expected for the material under investigation, viz. Ti and Zr, Si, Ee, and Co were also detected, hinting at the presence of a (Ee, Co) silicide as an impurity. Eor ceramic materials it is known that... 

Fig. 4.26. Typical X-ray spectra (a) STEM bright-field image of a polycrystalline Zr02/TiC ceramic with a triple junction (b) corresponding EDX spectrum.

Figure 1.1. Outline index map of the Japanese subduction zones. Thick lines with teeth are converging plate boundaries. Arrows indicate relative plate motions. Abbreviations su, Suruga trough sa, Sagami trough sf, South Fossa Magna triple junction och, Off Central Honshu triple junction ISTL, Itolgawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line KSM, Kashima VLBl station (Uyeda, 1991).

Back-arc spreading center 1 North Fiji Basin, Station 4 (16°59 S. 173°55 E) 1980 Axial graben at topographic high of north-central segment near triple junction. Sheet lava floor. Active (r = 290°C) anhydrite chimneys standing on dead sulfide mound. Forest of dead sulfide chimneys. Anhydrite, amorphous silica in dead chimneys pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, wurtzite, goethite. 

Figure 1.12 Al203/Mg0 vs FeO/MgO plot of peridotite clinopyroxenes from near the Antarctica-Africa-America triple junction (Tablel.13 data from Johnson et al, 1990). The linear array [equation (1.5.32)] supports the assumption that a homogeneous peridotitic source has experienced fractional melting with DMgOA,2° 0.18.

The satellite would need 50 to 100 square kilometers of collector area using 14% efficient monocrystalline silicon solar cells. More expensive triple junction gallium arsenide solar cells with an efficiency of 28% would reduce the collector area by half. In both cases the solar station s structure would be several kilometers wide, making it much larger than most manmade structures on Earth. Building structures of this size in orbit has never been attempted before. 

GalnP/GaAs/Ge systems have conversion efficiencies approaching 30% [33]. Triple junction amorphous silicon cells, based on the Si Ge H alloy, with efficiencies up to 12% have been reported [34],... 

J. Yang, A. Banerjee, K. Lord, S. Guha, Correlation of component cells with high efficiency amorphous silicon alloy triple junction solar cells and modules. Office for Offidal Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, July 6-10, 1998,... 

Yang J, Banerjee A, Guha S (1997) Triple-Junction amorphous silicon alloy solar cell with 14.6% initial and 13.0% stable conversion efficiencies. Appl Phys Lett 70 2975 2978... 

The waves then coarsen into a fewer ones, and their valleys or troughs become crack-tips , which advance to the film-substrate interface. The number of the advancing cracktips depends on the misfit strain. In the infinite-toque condition, the tips end at the substrate, but become wider at the triple junction of film-substrate-vapor. A typical island features an acorn shape. In the zero-torque condition, the tips advance much deeper with the pucker-... 

Solution. As shown in Fig. 15.17, for side grains and corner grains the number of triple junctions is one less than the number of neighboring grains, TV. For the side grains, the inclination of the boundary normal changes by 7r from one end to the other ... 

Microstructures are generally too complex for exact models. In a polycrystalline microstructure, grain-boundary tractions will be distributed with respect to an applied load. Microstructures of porous bodies include isolated pores as well as pores attached to grain boundaries and triple junctions. Nevertheless, there are several simple representative geometries that illustrate general coupled phenomena and serve as good models for subsets of more complex structures. 

Boeing Co Ultra-Triple-Junction SX-16 Nightsun SX-5 Starburst Pioneer 1 Explorer 6 Apollo 11 Spirit... 

Ultraline Service Corp. HALLIBURTON COMPANY Ultra-Triple-Junction SPECTROLAB INC UNIGEN DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS CORP... 

TEM micrograph of a Cu-Al203 nanocomposite. The Cu particles are elongated and located at grain boundaries and triple junctions. 

However, when HRTEM was employed on the SiC samples, which showed a similar contrast variation across SiC grain boundaries in the SEM, the presence of residual intergranular films was not detected even at the triple junctions. Hence, Kleebe concluded that SEM imaging and Fresnel fringe TEM imaging alone do not enable a safe conclusion to be drawn about interface wetting in ceramic polycrystals. 

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