Fibres processing

The size of equipment can vary from a 200 W unit for a commercial dry-cleaning machine to systems of megawatt size for synthetic fibre processes. 

Jones, M., Symp. Synthetic Fibre Processes, London, 1972, Eur. Chem. News 22 (562), 29 (1972). 

A good surface finish is important in textile fibre processing to prevent the fibres snagging. 

One of the problems encountered in early polyester fibre processing was that the sizes generally used with other classes of fibre to protect yarns, particularly warp yams, against damage during weaving were not sufficiently adherent to the yarn. ICI found a surface treatment that would improve the adhesion of sizes to... 

Water soluble fibre processing aid which imparts low fibre to metal and medium to high fibre to fibre friction together with good antistatic properties. DRAFCOL S6H is recommended for use on man-made fibres and their blends on a wide variety of processing systems. 

Source The Japanese Ministry of International Trade Industry, cellulosic fibres is expected to decline marginally at the rate of 0.3%. The interplay between fibre structure, morphology and chemical composition is an essential part of all pre-treatment processes and thus, it is necessary to know the differences in the structures of different polymers and their effects on the properties of the fibres. There are many good books on this subject and hence only general fibre chemistry and manufacturing processes are presented in reference form and then proceeded to discuss how preparatory processes are chosen for use as fibre processing. 

Man-made Fibre Fact Book, Man-made Fibre Process Assoc., Inc., Washington, 1974. 

The term lubricant is not used in a standard way. Synthetic lubricants in automotion and in machinery in general - mainly liquids - are designed to reduce the friction and wear of/or between (mainly) metallic parts in the widest sense. In a similar way, lubricants are understood in textile and fibre processing, where they are externally applied to reduce friction between textile fibres and metallic machinery parts. The same applies for example, to processing of PVC films on a calendar, where lubricants may be fed externally by a roller device. 

Joses, M-, Aram oxidation processes for acrylonitrile nunfacturt Past, present and future Symposium on Synthetic Fibre processes. Royal Aeronautical Society, Loodon (6 Dec. 1972). 

In order to make this tool usable for aU the textile and clothing companies, regardless of the types of fibres processed or the final product produced, the TCIM comprehensively includes all the primary and support processes as well as all the mechanical plants that characterise this sector. When a company applies such a tool, only the processes that are performed in its business or the processes that need to be controlled can be selected. 

There are a limited number of studies in the literature that have compared man-made and natural textiles in the same study under similar conditions. Of course, there is a great deal of available information from the Internet and also from several consultancy studies/research papers that provide comparative figures of natural and man-made textiles. This kind of information on the environmental impact of various textile fibres, processes and technologies under natural and man-made categories of textiles have already been thoroughly reviewed and discussed in the author s previous book (Muthu, 2014). Hence, the same information is not repeated in this chapter this chapter is concerned with studies that have directly compared both natural and man-made textiles under similar conditions/system. 

For many applications, fibres are more suitable than bulk materials. In addition, fibre production techniques tend to be suited to the alignment of nanotubes with in the fibre. A number of studies have focused on the production of composite fibres by melt processing. Fibre processing is generally similar to melt processing, but usually involves a process such as extrusion to produce an elongated sample which can then be drawn into a... 

Over the last two decades, much research has been conducted on xylanases due to their potential application in the pulp, paper and fibre-processing industries. In the jute fibre industry, the xylanase pre-treatment of low grade fibres before milling may be an alternative to conventional chemical softening because the former enables the selective removal ofxylan, which is assumed to be an economic and environmentally safe process. Jute fibre is a natural biodegradable product and could replace the usage of plastics and synthetic fibres (26). 

Because the pulse frequency is very high ( 10 kHz), one can utilise the method as an on-line system to monitor orientation induced during fibre processing operations such as fibre drawing, spinning, etc. " Generally the technique is applied in conjunction with other methods. For example, in Fig. 49 data of Charch and Moseley " are given on a drawn Nylon 66 fibre. Note that X-ray diffraction as well as sonic velocity data have been combined with the stress strain behaviour of the filaments. 

Spunmelt technology for the manu cture of single-use disposable Operating Room (OR) garments is discu ed in depth here. In the spunlaid process, the fibres processed are normally between 10pm to 30pm, and the process involves either area or patterned thermal bonding process to consolidate the filaments. 

Sanders RE, Acrylic fibres Process Survey, Chem Proc Eng, 100-109, Sep 1968. 

The relationships between the production process, fibre properties, material structure, and the properties of the final product can be summarized in two diagrams. Figure 1.1 shows the general production route of textile materials from fibres to composites, and at the same time explains the structural hierarchy and inheritance of properties from parent products to those that result from further processing. Figure 1.2, in a simple form, encapsulates the relationships between the properties of fibres, processing technology, material structure, and the material s properties which are affected by temperature, humidity, and other environmental parameters. 

Fig. 12.7 shows three tensile stress—strain curves obtained from the same source of raw materials (Shao and VoUrath, 2002). The difference between the three is the drawn speed from the silkworm B. mori as indicated in the figure. It is obvious that the higher the drawn speed the higher the modulus and tensile strength as shown in Table 12.2. It is shown that if fibre processing speed increases from 4 to 27 mm/s, the modulus increases from 5.4 to 23.2 GPa and strength from 556 to 968 MPa,... 

R. Kozlowski (ed.). Handbook of Natural Fibres Processing and Applications, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2012, vol. 2. 

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