Fiber-optic flow-injection analysis

A fiber-optic flow-injection analysis in which a fluorescent reporter molecule is utilized to monitor a competition reaction between a labelled and an unlabelled antigen molecule for an immobilized antibody has been reported [100]. It is based on the evanescent wave technique. 

Dremel B.A., Schaffar B.P., Schmid R.D., Determination of glucose in wine and fruit juice based on a fiber-optic glucose biosensor and flow-injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 1989 225 293. 

Blum L.J., Chemiluminescent flow injection analysis of glucose in drinks with a bienzyme fiber optic biosensor, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1993 15 407-411. 

The first review [11] listed manuscripts published between 1987 and 1992, covering seven specific topics (general , chromatography, optical spectroscopy, fiber optics, mass spectrometry, chemometrics, and flow injection analysis), along with a section on needs for the future of in all, the first review included 507 references. Subsequent reviews were published in 1995 [12], 1999 [13], 2001 [14], 2003 [15], and 2005 [16]. The review series is an essential resource for scientists seeking information on specific methods in total, 2650 references covering more than 16 topics were catalogued by the authors. 

Spectrophotometry, 42 Absorbance, 42 Infrared, 44 Luminescence, 45 Raman, 48 Fiber Optics, 50 Refractive Index, 52 Piezoelectric Mass Sensors, 53 New Chemistry, 54 Immunochemistry, 54 Polymers and New Materials, 56 Recognition Chemistry, 57 Chromatography and Electrophoresis, 61 Flow Injection Analysis and Continuous Flow Analysis, 63 Robotics, 65 Chemometrics, 68 Communications, 70... 

The autoanalyzer represented a substantial advance in the ability to make repetitive on-board chemical measurements. The development of flow-injection analysis promises to enlarge enormously the scope and speed of such methods. The flow-injection methods were pioneered in clinical chemistry, and are being developed for oceanography by Kenneth S. Johnson and Robert L. Petty. Dana Kester and Richard W. Zuehlke are also developing new autoanalyzer techniques for the rapid analysis of certain trace metals in seawater. One of the most technologically exciting prospects for the future involves the use of fiber optics to transmit a spectroscopic signal from an in-situ sensor to the ship s deck. 

A short discussion of new high-throughput applications of methodologies for solid dosage forms is presented in Chapter 6. Examples include fiber-optic dissolution technology, flow injection analysis, NIR analysis, and robotics. These techniques provide data with less analyst involvement and allow a more thorough batch quality assessment. 

K. Fujiwara and K. Fuwa, Liquid Core Optical Fiber Total Reflection Cell as a Colorimetric Detector for Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1012. 

Okadaic acid toxin Indirect competitive immunosensor using fiber-optic transduction with flow injection analysis 0.1 pgl" Mussel homogenates 20 minutes [147]... 

The instrument, Figure 1, involves a two-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer constructed from mono-mode fiber optic waveguides. One arm of the interferometer is coated with an immobilized enzyme, while the other is used as a reference. Both arms of the interferometer are firmly held in the middle of a conduit that is incorporated into a flow injection analysis (FIA) system, serving as a substitute for the normal absorbance, fluorescence, pH, or electrochemical detectors. A common source of phase coherent light is launched down both arms of the interferometer. 

Direct physical contact between the sensor reagent or transducer and the fiber is not a requirement. The indicator can also be in a sample that is viewed through a window the optical fiber, such as in a flow-injection-analysis sensing scheme used for process control ( ). Although such applications will be an Important part of optical sensor technology, the more demanding approach is the preparation of extrinsic sensors with the reagent phase attached directly to the fiber tip, a requirement for in vivo and in situ applications. The inventive work of sensor chemists now focuses... 

Dremel, B.A.A., Li, S.Y., and Schmid, R.D. (1992) On-line determination of glucose and lactate concentrations in animal cell culture based on fiber optic detection of oxygen in flow-injection analysis. Biosensors Bioelectronics. 7 133-139... 

One of the few reported uses of fiber-optic biosensors in food analysis in combination with flow injection analysis is the determination of L-glutamate in soups and sauces. This amino acid plays a central role in the oxidative determination of other amino acids and is capable of sensitizing gustatory nerves. Although glutamate occurs naturally in some foods, it is also used as a flavor enhancer. The biosensor was... 

Redox indicators have been widely used to detect the endpoint of titrimetric redox analyses. Potentio-metric detection of endpoints has now largely replaced the use of indicators, but redox indicators are still in use because of their simplicity. Redox indicators can be used to assess redox potentials in many redox systems where visual rather than electrical measurements can sometimes be more helpful. Recent applications of redox indicators include flow-injection analysis with colorimetric monitoring, or the measurement of electrode potentials of solutions using an immobilized redox indicator on the end of a fiber-optic probe. In studies of the metabolism of cells, redox indicators with their color or fluorescence changes are sometimes more convenient than potentiometry. Redox indicators suffer from their dependence on pH changes, and there is not yet a universal redox indicator that can show the redox potential of a solution over a wide range of potentials... 

Online analysis Online sample processing techniques such as flow injection provide advantages such as reliability, sample economy, ease of automation, measurement standardization, high speed, optional sample dilution, and the ability to derivatize the analyte so as to suit the analyzer/detector. These procedures facilitate the online monitoring of fermentation substrate materials, respiratory gases, and biomass. The modifications to flow injection analysis for accurate discontinuous flow operation include sequential injection analysis and bead injection spectroscopy. The most recent invention in online techniques is the introduction of the Lab-on-a-Valve, which opens the way to development of a novel type of microflow analytical system monitored by UV-visible spectrophotometry using fiber optics. This system is an ideal tool for fermentation monitoring. 

L. Ferrer, G. de Armas, M. Miro, J.M. Estela, V. Cerda, Flow-through optical fiber sensor for automatic sulfide determination in waters by multisyringe flow injection analysis using solid-phase reflectometry, Analyst 130 (2005) 644-651. 

Optical (fiber) chemical sensors [1] are capable of measuring a single species in an untreated sample by simply bringing into contact sample and sensor Separation steps or addition of chemical reagents are not required This is the preferred method in case of samples where the matrix does not vary to a large extent, e g blood However, optodes also represent useful detectors for use in chromatography, flow injection analysis... 

Schaffar, B. P. H., B. A. A. Dremel, and R. D. Schmid. 1989. Ascorbic acid determination in fruit juices based on a fiber optic ascorbic acid biosensor and flow injection analysis. In Biosensors Applications in Medicine, Environmental Protection and Process Control, eds. R. D. Schmid, and F. Scheller, pp. 229-232. New York VCH Publishers. 

The development and application of an electrochemical cell exclusively designed for disposable screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) suitable for simultaneous ECL and amperometric detection in sequential injection analysis (SIA) was described by Zen s group. The present flow system is user-friendly, requires less volume, and is easily operatable, since it has facility for PMT via a fiber optic facing the SPCE [89]. 

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