Liquid core

In order to avoid the problems of weak signals from typical solid samples, all NMR/MRI signals from granular particles to date have been obtained with solid particles containing liquids. The majority of experiments have been done either with seeds that naturally contain oils, predominantly mustard seeds, or pharmaceutical pills that contain liquid cores. In some cases, however, solid beads were impregnated with liquid to make them NMR-visible. In one case, it was oil-soaked sugar particles [12], while in another, acetone was imbibed into catalytic materials... 

Measuring static granular structures by MRI incurs some complications. The majority of NMR/MRI experiments to date use heterogeneous particles, specifically, solid particles with liquid cores. Thus, a close packed array of such particles would not image as close packed but would show gaps because the solid shells would yield weak or no NMR signal. 

An abscess occurs if peritoneal contamination is localized but bacterial elimination is incomplete. The location of the abscess often is related to the site of primary disease. For example, abscesses resulting from appendicitis tend to appear in the right lower quadrant or the pelvis those resulting from diverticulitis tend to appear in the left lower quadrant or pelvis. A mature abscess may have a fibrinous capsule that isolates bacteria and the liquid core from antimicrobials and immunologic defenses. 

Dasgupta PK, Genfa Z, Poruthoor SK, et al. 1998. High sensitivity gas sensors based on gas permeable liquid core waveguides and long-path absorbance detection. Submitted to Analytical Chemistry. 

Liquid Core Convection and Boundary-Layer Effects 318... 

Annular flow. In annular flow there is a continuous liquid in an annulus along the wall and a continuous gas/vapor phase in the core. The gas core may contain entrained droplets—dispersed mist—while the discontinuous gas phase appears as bubbles in the annulus. This flow pattern occurs at high void fractions and high flow velocities. A special case of annular flow is that where there is a gas/vapor film along the wall and a liquid core in the center. This type is called inverse annular flow and appears only in subcooled stable film boiling (see Sec. 3.4.6.3)... 

In inverted annular flow dryout, liquid mass flux is low enough and wall heat fluxes are high enough to cause vapor to be generated rapidly near the wall, forming a vapor annulus surrounding a liquid core (Fig. 4.176). The vapor generation near the wall occurs so quickly that the velocities of the two phases are about equal, or S = 1, so the expression for the void fraction at dryout, ado, can be calculated from the known dryout quality, Ydo ... 

A) The surface overheating at CHF in a highly subcooled flow is caused by poor heat transfer capability of the liquid core. 

A highly subcooled flow channel, even at CHF, is occupied almost entirely by a liquid core as shown in Figure 5.12. It can be postulated that the convective heat transfer of the liquid core is the limiting factor for occurrence of CHF at the wall. The following ways of analyzing the liquid core convective capability have been suggested ... 

The liquid core temperature and velocity distribution analysis was suggested by Bankoff (1961). 

Liquid core temperature and velocity distribution analysis. BankofT (1961) analyzed the convective heat transfer capability of a subcooled liquid core in local boiling by using the turbulent liquid flow equations. He found that boiling crisis occurs when the core is unable to remove the heat as fast as it can be transmitted by the wall. The temperature and velocity distributions were analyzed in the singlephase turbulent core of a boiling annular flow in a circular pipe of radius r. For fully developed steady flow, the momentum equation is given as... 

These two seemingly dissimilar applications have a common basis—both are examples of the pressure-sensitive release of a chemical. How are these products designed Tiny spherical capsules (microcapsules or microspheres) with a glass or polymer shell are filled with a liquid core and glued onto paper. For a scratch-and-sniff ad, the core of the microcapsules contains a liquid with the desired scent for carbonless paper, a liquid ink or dye is encapsulated within the... 

We have noted that Earth formed as a metal-heavy planet and at a high temperature. At this temperature molten iron, the major dense metal, settled as a liquid core at least in part which, due to the motion of the Earth, produced a large magnetic field along an axis. This field protects the Earth from incoming ionised particles from the Sun. Without this protection it is doubtful if life could exist on the Earth s top surface. A second feature is the presence of the Moon. Well within the first few hundred million years of the Earth s existence after the mantle had formed it is thought that it was struck by an object not far from the size of the Moon, which caused a massive ejection of material from the Earth s surface into... 

Figure 8. Flow cell for electrochemilumiiiescence measurements (a) glassy carbon electrode (b) sensing layer (c) reagent solution outlet (d) Plexiglas window (e) liquid core single optical fiber (f) stirring bar (g) reagent solution inlet (h) platinum electrode.

The Earth s crust, mantle and core are strongly influenced by differentiation processes which could have resulted from gravitational separation ( smelting ) in an early molten phase of the planet, or from the sequence in which different chemical species condensed from the primitive solar nebula and were subsequently accreted. Seismology indicates that there is a liquid core (with a solid inner core) with radius 3500 km consisting mainly of iron (with some Ni and FeS) surrounded by a plastic (Fe, Mg silicate) mantle of thickness 2900 km. 

Liquid core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (Chap. 18)... 

White, I. M. Gohring, J. Sun, Y. Yang, G. Lacey, S. Fan, X., Versatile waveguide coupled opto fluidic devices based on liquid core optical ring resonators, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 241104... 

White, I. M. Oveys, H. Fan, X., Liquid core optical ring resonator sensors, Opt. Lett. 2006, 31,1319 1321... 

Using the method described in Sect. 8.3.3.1 to obtain the electric field in a microtube resonator, the device sensitivity can be calculated with the perturbation theory for different modes. This provides more systematic insight into the operation of microtube resonators. First, bulk index sensing is considered. The sensitivity is proportional to the integrated optical field inside the liquid core region over that of the entire space, and can be expressed as72 ... 

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