Femoral

A first example of application of microtomography is taken from life sciences. Here X-ray microscopy and microtomography allows to reconstruct the internal three-dimensional microstructure without any preparation and sometimes even of living objects. Fig. la shows an X-ray transmission microscopical image of bone (femoral head). Several reconstructed cross-sections are shown in Fig.lb. Fig.lc shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of this bone. 

The next advance in total hip arthroplasty came with the development of various porous surface treatments which allow bone tissue to grow into the metal porous coating on the femoral stem of the hip implant and on the acetabular component of the total joint replacement. These developments arose because of patients who were not able to tolerate cemented implants because of allergies to the cement, methylmethacrylate. More youthflil patients are better served by a press-fit implant as well. Figure 12 shows the difference between textured and beaded surface-treated orthopedic prostheses. 

The acetabular component is as integral to successful total hip arthroplasty as is the femoral hip stem component. The life of the acetabular component depends on proper placement and bone preparation in the acetabular region of the hip girdle, proper use of bone cement, and superior component design. 

The femoral component is composed of the head, neck, coUar, and stem (see Eig. 11). The head, or ball, is the surface component which articulates... 

The head of the femoral component then articulates with an ion-bombarded, HDPE, high walled, acetabular liner which fits iato a screwed ia, machined, titanium, chromium—cobalt—molybdenum or vanadium—aluminum metallic alloy hydroxyapatite-coated acetabular shell/cup. Each of the separate parts of the modular system for total hip arthroplasty is manufactured ia several different sizes. 

B. Jackson, Sodium Chlorate System for Direct Feed to Chlorine Dioxide Generators and Chlorine Femoral Reyck Process, Huron Technical Corp. commercial brochure, Eeb. 13, 1979. 

Padybidri, A.N., Brown, E. and Kononov, V, Fibrin glue-assisted end-io-side anastomosis of rat femoral vessels Comparison with conventional suture method. Ann. Plasi. Surg., 34, 41-47 (1996). 

Pharmacological Action. According to Curci, oxyacanthine in doses of 01 to 0-2 gm. produces in rabbits quick and laboured respiration, muscular tremors, clonic convulsions and cessation of respiration before the heart stops. Raymond-Hamet states that oxyacanthine hydrochloride in a dose of 10 mgm. injected into the femoral artery of a dog produced dilation of the blood vessels in the leg and general hypotension. 

Schenkel-. femoral, crural, -bein, n. thigh bone, femur, -rohr, n., -rohre,/. bent tube, V-tube, elbow tube, elbow pipe. 

Poor blood supply in the area of the medial femoral neck (as the consequence of a pre-existing pathological condition or excessive early weight bearing) leads to initial loosening of the cement bond ... 

Resorption of bone in the medial neck places the forces of continued weight bearing on the bone cement in that area and may lead to medial and/or distal migration of the femoral cement and prosthetic component ... 

Bechtol, C. O., Failure of Femoral Implant Components in Total Hip Replacement Operations , Orthopaedic Review, 4, 23-29 (1975)... 

Intermittent claudication is a group of symptoms characterized by pain in the calf muscle of one or both legp, caused by walking and relieved by rest. It is a manifestation of peripheral vascular disease, in which atherosclerotic lesions develop in the femoral artery, diminishing blood supply to the lower leg. Cilostazol is used to treat intermittent claudication. 

Muscle weakness, loss of muscle mass, tendon rupture, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humoral heads, spontaneous fractures... 

Dicarboxymethyl chitosan and 6-oxychitin sodium salt, applied to femoral surgical defects for 3 weeks produced a good histoarchitectural order in the newly formed bone tissue. The spongious trabecular architecture was restored in the defect site. The association of the chitin derivatives with the osteoblasts seemed to be the best biomaterial in terms of bone tissue recovery [128]. 

Another widely used surgical procedure is knee replacement. In this operation the natural components of the knee joint are replaced with an artificial femoral component made of metal that interfaces with a tibial plateau made of ultra-high molar mass poly(ethylene). Implantation of these joints is becoming more widespread, though the demand for them is not as great as for hip replacement. 

Figure 7.3. The upper ponion is a montage of photomicrographs of a typical Snake Hill femoral cortex, running from the periosteal (left) to the endosteal (right) surfaces. A dashed line connects the post-mortem crack seen on the gross specimen to the magnified crack in the montage. Letters mark the commonly observed layers A = very thin, well preserved periosteal layer B = cloudy, poorly preserved structures C = relatively well preserved midcortical bone D = poorly preserved endosteal layer. Preservation" in this context refers to visibility of histological structures.

Hedges, R. E. M., Clement, J. G., Thomas, C. D. L., O CormeU, T. C. (2007). Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft Modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133, pp. 808-816. 

The concentration of the aqueous solution of palytoxin given to the dogs and monkeys was 5.6 A g/tnL, and was injected directly into the exposed femoral vein of each animal. 

Morabito et al., 2002 European postmenopause placebo, n = 30 genistein, n = 30 HRT, n = 30 First randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Compared to placebo control, genistein (54 mg/day) consumed for 1 year significantly reduced urinary excretion of bone resorption markers and increased bone formation markers at 6 and 12 months BMD was significantly increased at the femoral neck and lumbar spine plasma genistein concentration was around 1.5 pM. HRT showed similar effects to genistein for BMD. 

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