Femoral vein cannulation

The femoral vein is cannulated for taking blood samples. Intravenous lines are established in the brachial vein of the right foreleg. 

Dogs were anesthetized with morphine and chloralose. Blood pressure was recorded from a cannulated femoral artery and Injections were made intoacannulated femoral vein. The first dose of the drug usually was 1 mg>/hg > and with each injection the dose was doubled. 

The coronary sinus may be guarded or contain valves that may interfere with coronary sinus cannulation. In extreme circumstances, the coronary sinus may be catheterized via the femoral vein. Once the coronary sinus is cannulated with the femoral catheter, this catheter may be used to hold the valve open while the guiding catheter is introduced into the coronary sinus from above. 

Femoral vein (89-95%) Quickly and easily cannulated Very uncomfortable immobilization of leg required High rate of venous thrombosis (25-35% after 24 h) Fluoroscopy required for catheter placement... 

Fig. Anatomy and landmarks for cannulating the femoral vein. The femoral vein should be cannulated at or just above the inguinal crease. A low cannulation point should be avoided because there is an increased risk of puncturing the superficial femoral artery.

The lower part of Figure 9.13 shows the results of experiments in which the artery supplying the leg muscle and the femoral vein were both cannulated in a group of fasting healthy volunteers. Plasma free amino acids were measured, and the results... 

If the recipient had previous open heart surgery (a situation not uncommon for heart transplant recipients) we usually dissect the common femoral artery and femoral vein for a short distance in one of the groins. Umbilical tapes are placed around the vessels and everything is prepared for emergency femoral cannulation. Cardiopulmonary bypass can be established immediately if there are serious complications during chest reopening or stepwise division of fibrous adhesions. 

Cannulation sites IJV + RCCA Femoral vein + Femoral artery IJV (dual lumen). Femoral vein (dual lumen), or IJV + Femoral vein... 

C. Secure venous access. Antecubital or forearm veins are usually easy to cannulate. Alternative sites include femoral, subclavian, internal jugular, or other central veins. Access to central veins is technically more difficult but allows measurement of central venous pressure and placement of a pacemaker or pulmonary artery lines. 

Traditionally, safety pharmacology screens for cardiovascular fimction have been performed in the anesthetized dog or rat. In the rat, diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial blood pressures (DAP, SAP, MAP) are recorded via direct cannulation of a major artery (e.g., femoral or carotid), and the test article is injected directly into a vein while the animal remains anesthetized. Heart rate is determined electronically from the pressure signal, and other physiological parameters may be monitored, such as body temperature, respiration rate, and ECG. Often, an escalating dose strategy is employed to determine the minimum dose necessary to see any changes in cardiovascular function. 

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