Iatrogenic femoral artery

Liau CS, Ho FM, Chen MF, Lee YT (1997) Treatment of iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm with percutaneous thrombin injection. J Vase Surg 26 18-23... 

Pai VR, van Holsbeeck M (1995) Synovial osteochondromatosis of the hip role of sonography. J Qin Ultrasound 23 199-203 Parra JA, Ferndndez MA, Encinas B et al (1997) Morel-Lavallee effusions in the thigh. Skeletal Radiol 26 239-241 Paulson EK, Sheafor DH, Kliewer MA et al (2000) Treatment of iatrogenic femoral arterial pseudoaneurysms comparison of US-guided thrombin injection with compression repair. Radiology 215 403-408... 

Outside of the liver and kidneys, there are innumerable other types of iatrogenic arterial injuries that can occur. Of course the commonest iatrogenic injury is post-catheterization femoral artery pseudoaneurysms, but this is discussed in another chapter. 

Access site complications are unusual as a large-diameter common femoral artery access is rarely required for the embolization. Iatrogenic arterial dissection occasionally occurs at the celiac artery origin during difficult catheterization. In patients with borderline hepatic or renal function, the risk of contrast induced nephropathy and hepatorenal syndrome can usually be prevented with optimal hydration and by limiting the volume ofliver embo-lized. 

US and Doppler techniques are accurate means to diagnose injuries to the femoral vessels in the groin. These usually occur as a result of iatrogenic procedures (arterial catheterization), but may also be involved in displaced fractures of the pubis and the femoral neck, crush injuries, blunt trauma and so forth. The most common site for arterial injuries is the common and proximal superficial femoral artery. The main complication is a pseudoaneurysm. Other less frequent complications include thrombosis, arteriovenous fistula, dissection, intimal flaps and perivascular hematoma. Pseudoaneurysms of the femoral artery follow a tear of the vessel wall followed by leakage of blood from the artery into the adjacent tissue and usually appear as pulsatile well-defined anechoic masses located closely to the artery (Fig. 12.41). Mural thrombus is often present and partially fills the pseudoaneurysm sac. Blood flow inside the pseudoaneurysm is typically swirling with alternating red and... 

---