Female reproductive organs

Newly proposed test guidelines to specifically address effects on hormone homeostasis and on male and female reproductive organs include the rodent uterotrophic assay to detect estrogenic effects (OECD 2007a) and the rodent Hershberger assay to detect androgenic effects (OECD 2007b). 

Reproductive toxicity to 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been demonstrated in animals. "" The effects include pre- and postimplantation losses in females, morphologic and functional changes in male and female reproductive organs, and hormonal imbalance in both sexes. A number of developmental effects have been observed in animals acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD by the oral route. Effects observed in offspring of animals include cleft palate, kidney anomalies, immune system damage (thymic atrophy and immunosuppression), impaired development of the reproductive system, decreased growth, and fetal/newborn mortality. 

Female reproductive organs are also vulnerable to the effects of chemicals, including changes in ovulation or menstrual cycle, decreased implantation of the fertilized egg, or inability to maintain pregnancy. 

No studies were located regarding reproductive effects in humans after oral exposure to 2,3-benzofuran. No damage to male or female reproductive organs was detected by histological examination of rats and mice exposed to... 

Reproductive Effects. Oral lifetime exposure to 2,3-benzofuran caused no histopathological lesions in male or female reproductive organs of rats or mice (NTP 1989). However, no studies of organ function or reproductive success have been made, and so the potential effects of 2,3-benzofuran exposure on human reproduction cannot be evaluated. 

Trifolium pratense L. T. repens L. Che Zhou Cao (Red clover) (whole plant) Phytoestrogens, genisteine, iodine, daidzein, formononetin.33-48-221 Stimulating effect on female reproductive organs. 

Trifolium pratense L. China Phytoestrogens, genistein, daidzein, formononetin.33-48 Stimulating effect on female reproductive organs. 

Hermaphroditic An individual organism having both male and female reproductive organs also a Sower bearing both stamens and pistils. 

Endocrine and Reproductive Effects. Because the male and female reproductive organs are under complex neuroendocrine and hormonal control, any toxicant that alters any of these processes can affect the reproductive system (see Chapters 17 and 20). In addition metals can act directly on the sex organs. Cadmium is known to produce testicular injury after acute exposure, and lead accumulation in the testes is associated with testicular degeneration, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and Leydig-cell atrophy. 

Estrogen dramatically influences the growth and development of the female reproductive organs, as summarized in Table 61.3. 

TCDD was the most potent congener. The effects included increased pre- and postimplantation losses in females, morphological and functional changes in male and female reproductive organs, and hormonal imbalance in both sexes. 

The female reproductive organs like the uterus and ovaries are not in privileged sites in that they will accumulate oligonucleotides after treatment, and... 

Pistil—Female reproductive organ of a flower, which contains ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization by pollen. 

Unisexual—Flowers that bear either male or female reproductive organs. 

Ovary—Female reproductive organ that contains the eggs. 

---