Fatty chlorinated

Anti-wear and extreme pressure additives phosphoric esters, dithiophosphates, sulfur-containing products such as fatty esters and sulfided terpenes or chlorinated products such as chlorinated paraffins. 

Iodine monochloride [7790-99-0] ICl, mol wt 162.38, 78.16% I, is a black crystalline soHd or a reddish brown Hquid. SoHd ICl exists ia two crystalline modifications the a-form, as stable mby-red needles, d = 3.86 g/mL and mp 27.3°C and as metastable brownish red platelets, d = 3.66 g/mL, mp 13.9°C and bp 100°C (dec). Iodine monochloride is used as a halogenation catalyst and as an analytical reagent (Wij s solution) to determine iodine values of fats and oils (see Fats and fatty oils). ICl is prepared by direct reaction of iodine and Hquid chlorine. Aqueous solutions ate obtained by treating a suspension of iodine ia moderately strong hydrochloric acid with chlorine gas or iodic acid (118,119). 

Polychlorinated Pesticides. A once substantial but now diminished use for DCPD is in the preparation of chlorinated derivatives for further use or synthesis into pesticide compounds (see Insectcontrol technology). Soil permanence and solubiUty of the products in human fatty tissues have considerably restricted the use of these compounds. The more prominent chlorinated pesticides were aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor, all of which use hexachorocyclopentadiene as a starting material. Aldrin and dieldrin are no longer used in the U.S. Chlordane and heptachlor are stiU produced, but only for export use. 

Additives for lubricating oils providing a combination of viscosity index improvement (VII) and dispersancy have also been reported. These additives are prepared from ethyleneamines by reaction with various Vll-type polymers that have been chlorinated or modified in some other way to provide an ethyleneamine reaction site. Antimst additives for lubricating oils have been prepared by reaction of polyamines with fatty acids followed by reaction with polyalkylenesuccinic anhydrides (178,179). 

Resin cured butyl (HR) Acids Lyes Strong alkahes Strong phosphoric acid Dilute mineral acids Ketones Amines Water Fats and fatty acids Petroleum oils Chlorinated hydrocarbons Liquids with dissolved chlorine Mineral oil Oxygen rich demin. water Strong oxidants... 

Ethylene-propylene (EPDM) Oxidizing agents Dilute acids Amines Water (Mostly any HR fluid) Oils Hot cone, acids Very strong oxidants Fats fatty acids Chlorinated hydrocarbons... 

Neoprene 250 Excellent mechanical properties. Good resistance to uouaromatic petroleum, fatty oils, solvents (except aromatic, chlorinated, or ketone types). Good water and alkali resistance. Fair acid resistance. 

For the more difficult operations, neat oils containing EP (extreme-pressure) additives have to be used. The EP cutting oils usually contain additives based on sulfur or chlorine, or combinations of them. The sulfur in EP oil can be present in two forms. In the inactive fluid, it is chemically combined with a fatty-oil additive, which is blended with mineral oil to produce sulfured fatty oil. The active version, on the other hand, contains sulfur in elemental form, dissolved in mineral oil the fluid is known as sulfured mineral oil. Chlorine is usually present only as chlorinated paraffin, which is blended sometimes singly with mineral oils and sometimes in combination with fatty oils and sulfured additives. 

Many organic liquids, including oils (essential, animal, vegetable or mineral), alcohols, fatty acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and aliphatic esters, are without action. The absence of any catalytic action of tin on oxidative changes is helpful in this respect. When, however, mineral acidity can arise, as with the chlorinated hydrocarbons containing water, there may be some corrosion, especially at elevated temperature. 

The chloride ion is the most frequent cause of contact corrosion, since chlorine is present in the many chlorinated plastics, and is also frequently retained in residual amounts from reactive intermediates used in manufacture. Thus epoxides usually contain chloride derived from the epichlor-hydin used as the precursor of the epoxide. In addition to the contaminants referred to in Table 18.18, various metal and ammonium cations, inorganic anions and long-chain fatty acids (present as stabilisers, release agents or derived from plasticisers) may corrode metals on contact. 

But neutralized phosphorous acid monoesters of alcohols were found to have detergent and plasticizing properties [60,74]. They can be obtained by reaction of phosphorous trichloride and fatty alcohols in equimolar ratios followed by saponification of the unreacted chlorine atoms of the dichlorophosphites with a base see Eqs. (26) and (27). 

Gastrointestinal Effects. Case reports indicate that acute inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene results in nausea and vomiting (Buxton and Hayward 1967 Clearfield 1970 David et al. 1989 DeFalque 1961 Gutch et al. 1965 Milby 1968). Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and intolerance to fatty foods have also been reported after chronic occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (El Ghawabi et al. 1973 Schattner and Malnick 1990 Smith 1966). Trichloroethylene-induced efiects on the autonomic nervous system may contribute to these effects (Grandjean et al. 1955). Some of the people exposed to trichloroethylene and other chlorinated... 

Murphy GL, JJ Perry (1983) Incorporation of chlorinated alkanes into fatty acids of hydrocarbon-utilizing mycobacteria. / BactcnoZ 156 1158-1164. 

On-line SFE-pSFC-FTD, using formic or acetic acid modified CO2 as an extraction solvent, was used to analyse a dialkyltin mercaptide stabiliser in rigid PVC (Geon 87444) [114]. Hunt et al. [115] reported off-line SFE-pSFC-UV analysis of PVC/(DIOP, chlorinated PE wax, Topanol CA), using methanol as a modifier. Individual additives are unevenly extracted at lower pressures and temperatures, where extraction is incomplete. Topanol CA, the most polar of the three PVC additives studied, could not be fully extracted in the time-scale required (15-20min), even at the highest CO2 temperature and pressure obtainable. However, methanol-modified CO2 enhances extraction of Topanol CA. PVC film additives (DEHP, fatty acids, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons) were also separated by off-line SFE-preparative SFC, and analysed by PDA and IR [116]. 

Recently it was shown that when DDT, benzene hexachloride, or toxaphene is fed or applied to cattle, such organic chlorine residue as may be present in the fatty tissues consists essentially of unchanged insecticide. Carter (12) demonstrated their presence by separating the fats and other oxygenated products with sulfuric acid-sodium sulfate mixture and determining total chlorine. In experiments with DDT Schechter (46) demonstrated its presence in fatty tissue and in butterfat by the Schechter-Haller colorimetric method (47). The residues were then tested for toxicity to houseflies in comparison with the known insecticides of the same concentration. In both cases the known insecticide gave the same mortality as the residue. 

Extracts of these fat samples were treated with sodium sulfate-concentrated sulfuric acid mixture and fuming acid by the method described by Schechter et al. 5) in order to separate the organic-chlorine compound from the fatty materials. An infrared spectrum from 7 to 15 microns on carbon disulfide solutions of the residues from the fat qualitatively identified the organic-chlorine compound as toxaphene. All the bands of toxaphene in this spectral region were plainly seen in the treated steer extract, whereas none of the absorption bands were visible in the untreated steer extract. 

If the nickel is introduced into the fatty acid in the solid form it is important that it should be absolutely free from sulphur, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, chlorine, iodine, bromine. Further, it is important that the nickel should have been prepared by the reduction of the oxide at a temperature not exceeding 300° C, and should not have been long exposed to the air prior to its use. 

Limited to satisfactory in diluted nitric and acetic acid, bases, chlorine water, chromic acid Limited in ethylene glycol, butanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, fatty acids... 

---