Factors affecting commercial development

Fan (1989) provided a detailed historical development of three-phase fluidization systems in reactor applications. Only a brief review of the significant accomplishments and the economic factors affecting the development of three-phase reactors will be provided here. Table 1 provides the important contributions in the application of three-phase fluidization systems for the past several decades. The direct liquefaction of coal to produce liquid fuels was the first commercial reactor application of three-phase fluidization systems, with development having occurred from the mid-1920 s throughout the 1940 s. A large effort was put forth at this time in Europe for the production of liquid fuels from coal as a direct... 

Several economic factors affect commercialization of mycoherbicides (54. 64). the ultimate consideration being the projected economic returns from the mycoherbicide. A pathogen that is prone to be unprofitable or unpredictable in this respect, whether due to small market size, cost of production and marketing, competition from other alternative controls, or efficacy, is unlikely to be developed or offered for sale by commercial enterprises. 

For reliable calibrations, it was necessary to develop a stable and reproducible ozone source that could produce ozone in air at concentrations smaller than parts per million. After this was accomplished, several different versions were engineered they are now available commercially from vendors of most ozone-monitoring instruments. The factors affecting the production and survival of oxygen species other than ozone are discussed in Chapter 12. Care must be taken to prevent these species from creating interference when ozone is generated for instrument calibration. 

Even though the process of film formation from latexes has been thoroughly researched for conventional polymer latexes,there is still much work to be done on the dynamics of the process and the effects of the many chemical and physical factors that influence film formation and film properties for commercial latexes. Additionally, research into the factors affecting film formation and coating properties for the newer polymer colloids are required if they are to be fully developed. In hybrid systems, the effects of phase separation processes will be particularly important and are yet to be seriously studied. 

Against this background, several technical resource factors affect the nation s ability to develop and commercialize new technology ... 

Conventional enzyme electrodes employ disorete-maorosoopio membranes to overcome problems associated with interferences, enzyme immobilization, and electrode fouling. While these types of enzyme electrodes have been commercially developed, there are some limitations with this approach. Some sensors use three relatively thick membranes, resulting in a slow smd complex diffusion path for reactants reaching the enzyme and hydrogen peroxide reaching the electrode. Slow diffusion in this type of system adversely affects the response and recovery time, decreasing sampling rate. Each sensor must be individually constructed, and this construction technique is limited to two-dimensional surfaces. In addition, for sensors that have complex and slow diffusion paths, rates of diffusion must remain constant, otherwise calibration of the biosensor, and more important the maintenance of calibration, are difficult. A variety of factors can influence rates of diffusion, and consequently the performance of the enzyme layer and the performance of the sensor. These complicated, and most often uncharacterizable, properties have made the development of roost biosensors difficult. 

This review focuses on those synthetic bioresorbable polymers that can be spun into fibers or filaments, and subsequently used as biotextiles. We have listed and reported on the properties and applications of both conventional and commercially available fiber-forming bioresorbable polymers as well as those that are still being developed experimentally. Factors affecting the performance of these biomaterials are presented and the precautionary measures that may be taken to reduce the hydrolytic degradation during manufacturing and processing are discussed. 

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