Factors affecting development

The structure of silane coupling agents in solution and on solid substrate is reviewed with special emphasis on the fundamentals of structural development. Factors affecting the molecular weight, adsorption behavior, and chemical bond formation are discussed. Molecular aspects of the reinforcement mechanisms are discussed in relation to the interfacial bond formation. Effects of surface treatment on the rheological and hydrothermal properties of filled systems and composites are described. 

The origins and composition of plastics wastes and factors affecting their recycling are discussed. Partieular attention is paid to chemical recycling and incineration, with and without energy recovery, and a number of developments in chemical recycling techniques are examined. 19 refs. 

Researchers should be aware of, and account for, factors that can affect the performance of field studies with respect to precision, bias and possible error influences. The major factors affecting collectors, tracers and analytical approaches have been discussed elsewhere in this article. In summary, these are collection efficiency, stability and detection levels, respectively. Collection efficiency (or impaction parameter) for field samplers is related fo parficle/collector diameter and wind speed relationships, as summarized by the following equation developed by May and Clifford ... 

Gagnon, P. and Grund, E., Large-scale process development for hydrophobic interaction chromatography, part III factors affecting capacity determination, BioPharm, 9, 34, 1996. 

Several factors affect the overall economics of PHA production. These include PHA productivity, PHA content, yield of PHA on carbon source, carbon substrate cost, and recovery method employed. Figure 1 shows the production costs of P(3HB) by various P(3HB) contents and P(3HB) productivities [29]. The effect of P(3HB) productivity on the production cost is only related to the cost of the fermentation equipment [18]. However, the P(3HB) content has multiple effects on the volume of the fermentation equipment and the recovery process [17,18]. The increase of P(3HB) yield on carbon source and the use of less expensive carbon substrates reduce the cost of carbon substrate [17, 29]. Development of an efficient recovery method, which will be different for each bacterium employed, is also important to overall economics of PHA production. When the actual fermentation processes employing many different re-... 

Fan (1989) provided a detailed historical development of three-phase fluidization systems in reactor applications. Only a brief review of the significant accomplishments and the economic factors affecting the development of three-phase reactors will be provided here. Table 1 provides the important contributions in the application of three-phase fluidization systems for the past several decades. The direct liquefaction of coal to produce liquid fuels was the first commercial reactor application of three-phase fluidization systems, with development having occurred from the mid-1920 s throughout the 1940 s. A large effort was put forth at this time in Europe for the production of liquid fuels from coal as a direct... 

The development of microwave heterogeneous catalysis is, however, impeded because most synthetic chemists are not well acquainted with factors affecting both heterogeneous catalysis and microwaves. Although attempts have been made to accelerate reaction rate or to improve yield and selectivity, they have been based on the rule let s try microwaves and see what happens . 

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