Factors affecting commercial

Factors Affecting Commercialization of Specialty-Use Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals... 

Several economic factors affect commercialization of mycoherbicides (54. 64). the ultimate consideration being the projected economic returns from the mycoherbicide. A pathogen that is prone to be unprofitable or unpredictable in this respect, whether due to small market size, cost of production and marketing, competition from other alternative controls, or efficacy, is unlikely to be developed or offered for sale by commercial enterprises. 

Sample preparation plays an important part in determining rupture resistance. The most important factors affecting commercial samples are the degree and direction of orientation. Failure occurs most readily in planes parallel to the chain orientation direction and is a function of the degree of anisotropy. Notch sensitivity is also a function of orientation within the sample notches that occur parallel to orientation will have a greater effect than those occurring in the transverse direction. 

Factors affecting laboratory polymerisation of the monomer have been discussed" and these indicate that a Ziegler-Natta catalyst system of violet TiCl3 and diethyl aluminium chloride should be used to react the monomer in a hydrocarbon diluent at atmospheric pressure and at 30-60°C. One of the aims is to get a relatively coarse slurry from which may be washed foreign material such as catalyst residues, using for example methyl alcohol. For commercial materials these washed polymers are then dried and compounded with an antioxidant and if required other additives such as pigments. 

A third factor affecting the quantity to be processed is the scale of the processing operation. A laboratory-scale operation will typically require less sample than a pilot-scale operation and much less than a commercial scale operation. Throughout the process, each unit operation must be supplied sufficient material to operate the process adequately while providing representative samples from the process. 

Poly (vinyl acetate/alcohol) sizes are also described as water-soluble and are widely used, either alone or in combination with most of the other types, across the whole range of fibres and blends [169,171]. However, this category covers a wide range of commercial products, differing greatly in quality and ease of removal. Indeed, some are quite difficult to remove, thus necessitating careful selection [187]. Detailed studies of factors affecting the removal of water-soluble sizes, particularly poly(vinyl alcohol) types, have been published [188-190]. 

Fan (1989) provided a detailed historical development of three-phase fluidization systems in reactor applications. Only a brief review of the significant accomplishments and the economic factors affecting the development of three-phase reactors will be provided here. Table 1 provides the important contributions in the application of three-phase fluidization systems for the past several decades. The direct liquefaction of coal to produce liquid fuels was the first commercial reactor application of three-phase fluidization systems, with development having occurred from the mid-1920 s throughout the 1940 s. A large effort was put forth at this time in Europe for the production of liquid fuels from coal as a direct... 

For reliable calibrations, it was necessary to develop a stable and reproducible ozone source that could produce ozone in air at concentrations smaller than parts per million. After this was accomplished, several different versions were engineered they are now available commercially from vendors of most ozone-monitoring instruments. The factors affecting the production and survival of oxygen species other than ozone are discussed in Chapter 12. Care must be taken to prevent these species from creating interference when ozone is generated for instrument calibration. 

Gaunt, S. N. 1980. Genetic variation in the yields and contents of milk constituents. In Factors Affecting the Yield and Contents of Milk Constituents of Commercial Importance. P. C. Moore and J. A. F. Rook (Editors). Internat. Dairy Fed. Doc. 125. 

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