Fabrics manufacturing processes

Unfortunately, at the present time there does not appear to be a detailed understanding of the relationship between the properties of the raw materials or the ingredients making up an elastomeric compound and the compound s processability. Therefore, the most widely used approach presently being adopted is to use the conventional characteristics with the standard specification limits issued by the supplier or special agreed upon limits with the supplier to accommodate specific requirements in the fabricators manufacturing process. 

Walters, 1938 Walters and Gatzke, 1954 Finken and Robinson, 1959) because it was possible to realize them on simple looms. Much more sophisticated looms with electronic control were required for the realization of the weft interlock 3D weaving concept. For example, the use of a programmable Jacquard machine is implied in the patent of Miller et al. (1990). In the next two subsections, we briefly review each of these fabric manufacturing processes. 

Filament. Eully drawn flat yams and partially oriented (POY) continuous filament yams are available in yam sizes ranging from about 3.3—33.0 tex (30—300 den) with individual filament linear densities of about 0.055 to 0.55 tex per filament (0.5—5 dpf). The fully drawn hard yams are used directly in fabric manufacturing operations, whereas POY yams are primarily used as feedstock for draw texturing. In the draw texturing process, fibers are drawn and bulked by heat-setting twisted yam or by entangling filaments with an air jet. Both textured and hard yams are used in apparel, sleepwear, outerwear, sportswear, draperies and curtains, and automotive upholstery. 

The tendency of the strong, highly crystalline fibers to fibnUate, ie, to develop a hairy surface on wet-abrasion has, for the textile appUcations, been minimized by process changes both in fiber production and fabric manufacture. However, for nonwoven or speciaUty paper appUcations, this property can aUow potential users to develop ceUulosic microfibers during processing. 

Nonwoven technologies that employ machinery and processing principles traditionally used to manufacture textile, paper, or extmded materials, when viewed collectively, form what may be termed the primary or basic nonwoven fabric manufacturing systems. These systems are or can be continuous processes. Common to each of these systems are four sequential phases fiber selection and preparation, web formation, bonding, and finishing. 

Fabric filters can be more costly to operate and maintain than electrostatic precipitators, cyclones, and scrubbers however, fabric filters are more practicable for filtration of specific dusts. For example fabric systems are the typical control method for toxic dusts from insecticide manufacturing processes, salt fumes from heat treating, metallic fumes from metallurgical processes, and other applications. Any other control method may not be as efficient, nor economically feasible for such applications. 

Unlike most conventional materials, there is a very close relation between the manufacture of a composite material and its end use. The manufacture of the material is often actually part of the fabrication process for the structural element or even the complete structure. Thus, a complete description of the manufacturing process is not possible nor is it even desirable. The discussion of manufacturing of laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials is restricted in this section to how the fibers and matrix materials are assembled to make a lamina and how, subsequently, laminae are assembled and cured to make a laminate. 

Often, the manufacturing processes involved for composite structures fabrication are greatly simplified as compared to those for metal structures. Reduced part count results in a much lower assembly cost and overall reduction in the factory labor hours. 

When unpleasant odors resulting from manufacturing processes or waste-disposal operations give rise to public complaints they should be identified and quantified prior to deriving methods of abatement. Such work is often innovative, requiring the design and fabrication of new equipment for the sampling and analysis of pollutants. 

Product designers must consider the conditions under which fabrication will take place, because these conditions affect product performance and cost. Such factors as production quantity, labor, and material cost are vital. Designers should also visualize how each product is to be fabricated. If they do not or cannot, their designs may not be satisfactory or even feasible from a production standpoint. One purpose of this book is to give designers sufficient information about manufacturing processes so that they... 

To illustrate how traditional materials such as metals limit the design process, consider a spring. The manufacturing process in metals limits the options available in producing a variety of shapes in this material. As a result, steel springs are produced in basically only three shapes the torsion bar, the helical coil, and the flat-shaped leaf spring. By comparison, TPs and TSs can be easily fabricated into... 

These operations are repeated again and again in different sequential order until the 1C fabrication is completed. At the same time, they are not the actual steps needed to form the individual dice. We will address these later on after we have described the individual operations used in performing each step in the IC manufacturing process. It is very important to distinguish between manufacturing operations and manufacturing steps. 

The paper or paperboard manufacturing process is similar for all types of pulp. Pulp is spread out as extremely dilute slurry on a moving endless belt of filtering fabric. Water is removed by gravity and vacuum, and the resulting web of fibers is passed through presses to remove more water and consolidate the web. Paper and paperboard manufacturers use nearly identical processes, but paper-board is thicker (more than 0.3 mm). 

Polymer molecules in fabricated items rarely adopt a true random walk. Manufacturing processes stretch out molecules and then freeze them in an extended configuration before they have time to relax to the random state. Manufacturers exploit orientation in order to control physical properties. 

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