Fabrication of copper

In the beverage distillation industry, stills and auxiUary piping are generally fabricated of copper, although stainless steel is also used. AH piping that conveys finished products is tin lined copper, stainless steel, or glass. 

Peng, Y. and Q. Chen, Fabrication of copper/multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid nanowires using electroless copper deposition activated with silver nitrate. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2012.159(2) p. D72-D76. 

Diffusion barrier layers are an integral part of the fabrication of copper interconnects (Figs. 3 and 4). Barrier films isolate (encapsulate) Cu interconnects from adjacent dielectric materials. The diffusion barriers most studied to date are Ti, and TiN. ... 

Zhang, Y., Lam, F.L.Y., Hu, X. and Yan, Z. (2006) Fabrication of copper nanorods by low-temperature metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51, 2662-8. 

An X, Yu JC, Tang J (2014) Biomolecule-assisted fabrication of copper doped S11S2 nanosheet-reduced graphene oxide junctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. J Mater Chem A 2 1000-1005... 

Purity. Electrolytic copper is one of the purest of the materials of commerce. The average copper content of ETP copper, for instance, is over 99.95%, and even the highest level of impurities other than oxygen are found only to the extent of 15—30 ppm. Up to 0.05% oxygen is present in the form of copper(I) oxide. Even at these low impurity levels, properties of interest to fabricators are affected in varying degree. 

The products for these appHcations are fabricated from materials from brass mills (manufacturers of copper and alloy mill products), wire mills, and foundries (manufacturers of castings). Brass mill products consist of sheet, strip, plate, rod, bar, tube, pipe, forgings, extmsions, and mechanical wire. Wire mills make electrical wire. Foundry castings consist primarily of plumbing products and industrial valves and pumps. 

Copper—Nickels. The copper—nickel alloy system is essentially single phase across its entire range. Alloys made from this system are easily fabricated by casting, forming, and welding. They are noted for excellent tarnishing and corrosion resistance. Commercial copper alloys extend from 5 to 40 wt % nickel. Monel is a nickel—copper alloy that is outside of this range and contains 29—53 wt % of copper. 

The diameter and materials, specified for the tubes and fins, depend on system requirements. The fins are commonly made from aluminum or copper, but may be fabricated of stainless or carbon steel. Tubes are generally copper, but can be made from almost any material, and they range in size from 5/8- to 1-in. outer diameter. The design of the air-cooled exchanger is such, that individual coils can be removed independently for easy cleaning and maintenance. There are several common design configurations that are commercially available. Each is briefly described below. 

Flexible metallic media are especially suitable for handling corrosive liquors and for high-temperature filtration. They have good durability and are inert to physical changes. Metallic media are fabricated in the form of screens, wire windings, or woven fabrics of steel, copper, bronze, nickel and different alloys. Perforated sheets and screens are used for coarse separation, as supports for filter cloths or as... 

These alloys have corrosion resistance similar to that of copper, with mechanical properties equivalent to mild steel. Because silicon bronzes do not generate sparks under shocks, they can be used in the fabrication of explosion-proof equipment. Compared to tin bronzes, the tinless bronzes have a higher shrinkage (1.7-2.5% against 1.3-1.5% of tin bronzes) and less fluid-flow, which is an important consideration in designing. 

Reuse of waste metals generated from metal fabrication and from discarded products (scrap) can save large amounts of energy, particularly for metals that have high energy use in production, such as aluminum. The low fractions of energy used to produce metals from scrap for aluminum, certain sources of copper, and nickel show the value of recycling these metals. 

Piping for the smaller halocarbon installations is usually of copper, because of the cleanliness and the ease of fabrication and jointing. 

Particular examples of using polymer composites as screens are given in [14-16, 67-75], The present review does not touch the properties of the composite materials based on fabrics of conducting fibres due to the fact that manufacturing techniques for such materials are specific and differ greatly from the mixing processes considered above. However, these materials also have an application field, say, in contacts for calculator and computer keyboards [9] and even in small-power electric motor commutators as a partial substitute for copper [76, 77]. 

Works on the electrochemical formation of copper sulfide have been reported mainly in connection with the fabrication of CujS/CdS junctions for solar cells [159-161]. 

Electrodeposition of copper indium disulfide (CulnS2) has been reported [180-182], In a typical instance, single-phase polycrystalline CuInS2 thin films composed of 1-3 fim sized crystallites were grown on Ti by sulfurization of Cu-ln precursors prepared by sequentially electrodeposited Cu and In layers [183]. In this work, solar cells were fabricated by electrodepositing ZnSe on CuInS2. Cyclic... 

Advantages 1. More impurities can be tolerated in the copper anode since the electrode distances are relatively large. 2. The fabrication of anodes and the operation of the electrolytic cell is relatively simple. 3. More suited for refining copper of varied impurity contents. Advantages 1. Energy losses are comparatively less because of small interelectrode distances and contacts are practically eliminated. 2. The refining cycle is shorter due to higher number of electrodes and the anodic residue is relatively small. 

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