Extractives chlorination products

The chlorine content of the fly ash is 4.9 %, the bromine content 0.065 %. A series of brominated aromatic compounds has been adsorbed on this fly ash and treated for 1 h. with air at 300°C. The extraction and analysis yield mixed brominated/chlorinated as well as completely chlorinated products. This is shown for 5 aromatic bromine compounds in Table 2. 

Chlorination of Individual Amino Acids. HPLC analysis of an extract of chlorinated humic acids indicated that the chlorination products compose a highly complex mixture of organic material. Thus, the task of identification of mutagenic products of chlorination would not be simplified by the use of the humic acid model. In contrast, the amino acid model of production of mutagenic compounds can be readily simplified by the use of individual compounds as precursors. 

Weak-chlorinated oil from the prechlorinator continuously moves under the distribution graphite grate into the lower part of bubble tower 1. There, at 88-92 °C ethyl alcohol is further chlorinated to reach the density of the chlorinated product of 1.48-1.50 g/cm3. Chlorination extracts a great deal of heat, the excess of which is withdrawn in the tower due to the evaporation of chloral hydrate formed (its boiling point is much lower than that of other components of the reactive mixture). 

The reactions between bleaching chemicals and resin components result in a variety of degradation and chlorination products, only some of which have been identified. The extractives remaining in the pulp after bleaching also represent a complicated mixture of substances of more or less unknown composition. 

A suitably thick salt layer is located at sufficient depth below the surface. This layer is drilled and water injected and brine extracted which excavates a cavern. Several stages are usually involved. Sometimes this brine is used for caustic-chlorine production. 

On treating phenothiazine with a calculated amount of chlorine in glacial acetic acid Bodea and Raileanu obtained a mixture of chlorinated products consisting mainly of di- and tetrachloropheno-thiazine, from which 3,7-dichlorophenothiazine was isolated in 33% yield by extraction with acetone at room temperature. The procedure... 

Like many synthetic compounds, the chlorinated solvents were first produced commercially in Germany. In the United States, manufacture began on a small scale before the First World War, taken up at sites where chlorine, then in surplus because it was a by-product of other manufacturing processes, was available. Dow Chemical, first established to extract bromine from brines, had begun early on to extract chlorine as well. Dow decided even before the First World War to invest in research on chlorine compounds, and it became the first major American manufacturer of chlorinated solvents. In the 1920s and 1930s it was joined by DuPont and several other producers. 

Due to its high vapor pressure at the operating temperature of the electrolysis, mercury, whose circulating tonnage represents 700 to 2400 kg/t per day of chlorine production capacity, pollutes the different gaseous streams produced (chlorine, hydrogen). Similarly, it contaminates the different liquids produced by the operation (spent brine, caustic soda, etc.). This results in substantial losses, which must be limited for economic as well as environmental reasons. Whereas small. amounts of mercury in the chlorine (0.1 to 0.2 g/t) are not detrimental to its subsequent uses, the same cannot be said of caustic soda, especially for food applications, in which it is removed by filtration (up to 15 ppb), for hydrogen, from which it is removed (up to 3 to 5 ppb) by absorption in sodium hypochlorite, adsorption on activated charcoal etc, and aqueous wastes, from which it is removed (up to 5 to 10 ppb) by precipitation, adsorption, reduction or extraction. The spent brine, which normally contains 1 to 10 ppm mercury and occasionally 1000 ppm, is usually recycled and therefore does not require treatment... 

Bleaching pulps with either chlorine dioxide (D) alone or with chlorine (C)-al-kaline extraction (E)-chlorine dioxide (D) successively can affect the speck area. As mentioned in the previous section, chlorination makes the resins not only more hydrophobic but also causes them to aggregate more. In some cases, this results in a total speck area of 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than that before chlorination. In contrast to this, chlorine dioxide usually results in a lower speck area (2). The pitch problems of the kraft pulp of Dipterocarpus sp. can be considerably reduced if the pulp is oxidatively bleached at the first stage. If chlorination is employed, the chlorination product of the terpenoid hydroxydammarenone-II (the main component of the extractives in the pulp) adversely affects the appearance of resin spots and color reversion (157). 

These natural raw materials are very important because through electrolysis chlorine can be obtained for the manufacture of chlorinated elastomers as well as other chlorinated rubber compounding ingredients. Magnesium is also extracted for production of magnesium oxide, which is commonly used as a curative for chlorinated elastomer-based compounds. 

At each sampling period, 5 mL of solution and 50 pi of head space gas from the solution reservoir was extracted and analyzed. The solution was spiked with 50 pL of 1000 ppm benzene-D6 as a internal standard. Afterwards, the sample was shaken in a head space sampler (HP 7694E) at 70 °C for 20 minutes. The concentrations of vinyl chloride, DCE isomers, TCE, and other chlorinated products that could be daughter products of TCE were analyzed with a gas chromatograph (HP 6890) equipped with a mass selective detector (HP 5973). After the analysis of organic compounds, pH was measured and the chloride concentration in the sample was analyzed with a Capillary Ion Analyzer (Waters CIA). The 50 pi of head space gas was directly injected into a GC (HP 6890) with a HP Plot/Al203 column (50m x 0.53 mm x 15 pm) and the concentrations of methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene were quantified with a FID detector. 

Methylene chloride CHjCl, b.p. 41°, is obtained as a by product in the com mercial preparation of chloroform by the reduction of carbon tetrachloride with moist iron and also as one of the products in the chlorination of methane it is a useful extraction solvent completely immiscible with water. 

A mixture of 0.10 mol of the acetylenic alcohol, 0.12 mol of triethylamine and 200 ml of dichloromethane (note 1) was cooled to -50°C. Methanesulfinyl chloride (0.12 mol) (for its preparation from CH3SSCH3, (08300)30 and chlorine, see Ref. 73) was added in 10 min at -40 to -50°0. A white precipitate was formed immediately. After the addition the cooling bath was removed and the temperature was allowed to rise to -20°0, then the mixture was vigorously shaken or stirred with 100 ml of water. The lower layer was separated off and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 10-ml portions of CH2CI2. The combined solutions were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in a water-pump vacuum (note 2). The yields of the products, which are pure enough (usually 96%) for further conversions, are normally almost quantitative. 

Acetonitrile also is used as a catalyst and as an ingredient in transition-metal complex catalysts (35,36). There are many uses for it in the photographic industry and for the extraction and refining of copper and by-product ammonium sulfate (37—39). It also is used for dyeing textiles and in coating compositions (40,41). It is an effective stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly in the presence of aluminum, and it has some appflcation in... 

Hydrochloric acid [7647-01-0], which is formed as by-product from unreacted chloroacetic acid, is fed into an absorption column. After the addition of acid and alcohol is complete, the mixture is heated at reflux for 6—8 h, whereby the intermediate malonic acid ester monoamide is hydroly2ed to a dialkyl malonate. The pure ester is obtained from the mixture of cmde esters by extraction with ben2ene [71-43-2], toluene [108-88-3], or xylene [1330-20-7]. The organic phase is washed with dilute sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] to remove small amounts of the monoester. The diester is then separated from solvent by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and the malonic ester obtained by redistillation under vacuum as a colorless Hquid with a minimum assay of 99%. The aqueous phase contains considerable amounts of mineral acid and salts and must be treated before being fed to the waste treatment plant. The process is suitable for both the dimethyl and diethyl esters. The yield based on sodium chloroacetate is 75—85%. Various low molecular mass hydrocarbons, some of them partially chlorinated, are formed as by-products. Although a relatively simple plant is sufficient for the reaction itself, a si2eable investment is required for treatment of the wastewater and exhaust gas. 

EDC from the oxychlorination process is less pure than EDC from direct chlorination and requires purification by distillation. It is usually first washed with water and then with caustic solution to remove chloral and other water-extractable impurities (103). Subsequently, water and low boiling impurities are taken overhead in a first (light ends or heads) distillation column, and finally, pure, dry EDC is taken overhead in a second (heavy ends or product) column (see Fig. 2). 

Further Preparative Reactions. When pulps are to be used in the production of materials that do not retain the original fiber stmcture, such as rayon or ceUulose acetate film, the lignin, hemiceUulose, and other components must be reduced to the lowest possible concentrations. A surfactant (ionic or nonionic) is often added during a hot, weakly alkaline extraction step after chlorination. Another approach, sometimes used in addition to the surfactant step, is to treat the pulp with 6—10% NaOH after most of the oxidative bleaching is finished. This treatment removes most of the hemiceUulose. In most purification plants the final stage includes use of sulfuric acid chelators are optional. 

Chemistry and Environmental Impact. Lindane is produced by the photocataly2ed addition of chlorine to ben2ene to give a mixture of isomers. The active y-HCH isomer can be preferentially extracted and purified. Composition of the technical-grade product is a (65—70%), B (7—10%), y (14—15%), 5 (7%), and S (1—2%). Lindane has been produced worldwide for its use as an insecticide and for other minor uses in veterinary, agricultural, and medical products. 

---