Extraction ultrasonic assist

Shen, J. and Shao, X., Comparison of accelerated solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco. Ana/. Bioanal. Chem., 383, 1003, 2005. 

Ultrasonically assisted extraction is also widely used for the isolation of effective medical components and bioactive principles from plant material [195]. The most common application of low-intensity ultrasound is as an analytical technique for providing information about the physico-chemical properties of foods, such as in the analysis of edible fats and oils (oil composition, oil content, droplet size of emulsions, and solid fat content) [171,218]. Ultrasonic techniques are also used for fluids characterisation [219]. 

Garcia-Valcarcel AI, Tadeo JL (2009) A combination of ultrasonic assisted extraction with LC-MS/MS for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in sludge. Anal Chim Acta 641 (1—2) 117—123... 

The extraction of lycopene from tomato using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) was also reported (Lianfu and... 

Lopez-Avila et al. [59] used microwave assisted extraction to assist the extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from soils. Another extraction method was described by Hartmann [60] for the recovery of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in forest soils. The method included saponification of samples in an ultrasonic bath, partitioning of polyaromatic hydrocarbons into hexane, extract cleanup by using solid-phase extraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis using deuterated internal standards. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons were thermally desorbed from soils and sediments without pretreatment in another investigation [61]. 

M. Vinatoru, M. Toma and T.J. Mason, Ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from plants and their constituents, Advances in Sonochemistry, T.J. Mason (ed.), JAI Press, London, 1999, 5, 209-248. 

A comparison has been made of the efficiencies of conventional and ultrasonically assisted pollutant extraction procedures using model soil samples (granular pieces of brick) which had been deliberately contaminated with copper oxide at 51 ppm [50]. Analysis of the brick particles after 30 min sonication on a Vibrating Tray [51] revealed an average reduction in copper content to 31 ppm, a reduction of about 40%. Using a conventional mechanically shaken tray for the same time period the residual contamination was 48 ppm representing a reduction of only 6% (Tab. 4.6). 

Ultrasonically assisted extraction is particularly useful for the environmental analytical chemist because it facilitates a more complete extraction of absorbed chemicals e. g. the extraction of pesticides [57, 58] and of heavy metals from soils [59[. 

N. Jalbani, T. G. Kazi, B. M. Arain, M. K. Jamali, H. I. Afridi and R. A. Sarfraz, Application of factorial design in optimisation of ultrasonic -assisted extraction of aluminum in juices and soft drinks, Talanta, 70(2), 2006, 307-314. 

Microwave-assisted extraction [115] has been compared with ultrasonic extraction [116] in the context of soil extraction. Microwave-assisted extraction [117,195-198] and supercritical fluid extraction coupled with on-line infrared spectroscopy detection [ 118,119] have been compared as methods for the extraction of hydrocarbons from soil. 

This chapter covers techniques for the extraction of semivolatile organics from solid matrices. The focus is on commonly used and commercially available techniques, which include Soxhlet extraction, automated Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The underlying principles, instrumentation, operational procedures, and selected applications of these techniques are described. In a given application, probably all the methods mentioned above will work, so it often boils down to identifying the most suitable one. Consequently, an effort is made to compare these methodologies. 

Q. Tu, J. Qian, W. Freeh, Rapid determinatison of methylmercury in biological materials by GC-MIP-AES or GC-ICP-MS following simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted in situ ethylation and solvent extraction, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12 (2000), 1583-1588. 

Vinatoru, M. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem. 8, 303-313 (2001)... 

COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUS ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED LEACHING AND MANUAL LEACHING FOR THE EXTRACTION OF BORON FROM SOIL SAMPLES ... 

Finally, lake sediment has been sampled for the study of UV spectra of extracts. In order to characterize the organic matter of sediments, a simple and fast two steps procedure has been designed with an ultrasonic extraction and a final UV analysis (Chabrol, 2007). After sediment drying, an ultrasonic assisted leaching step is carried out with three different solvents (1) water for soluble substances, (2) acetonitrile for anthropogenic substances and specific polar compounds, and (3) sodium hydroxide (O.lmol/L) for humic substances. Figure 2.4.13 presents the UV spectra of extracts for sediment of the studied lake. The results of the physico-chemical characterization of sample are the following Sediment very liquid (8.9% of dry matter, 33.2% of... 

Almost all the participants have used an extraction with water/methanol 1 1 (v/v) mixture with or without ultrasonic assistance. It has been verified that this process does... 

The rate of transfer of antioxidants from a solid polymer into a solvent is increased by ultrasound waves. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is a rather... 

The focus in Chapters 7 and 8 is on the specific sample preparation approaches available for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental matrices, principally soil and water. Chapter 7 is concerned with the role of Soxhlet, ultrasonic and shake-flask extraction on the removal of organic compounds from solid (soil) matrices. These techniques are contrasted with newer developments in sample preparation for organic compound extraction, namely supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and pressurized fluid extraction. Chapter 8 is arranged in a similar manner. Initially, details are provided on the use of solvent extraction for organic compounds removal from aqueous samples. This is followed by descriptions of the newer approaches, namely solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction. 

Comparison Between MAE, Soxhiet Extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (USE)... 

Almost all the participants used an extraction with a water/methanol (1 1 v/v) mixture with or without ultrasonic assistance. It has been verified that this process does not induce arsenobetaine, DMA, MMA, As(V) or arsenocholine degradation. The optimization of the power of the ultrasonic bath is an important feature for achieving the best extraction yields nevertheless, the bath must be refrigerated to avoid degradation of the compounds. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin is also possible, but the activity of the enzyme must be strictly controlled before use to guarantee the reproducibility of the method. 

MSPD). Other techniques used for some specific applications are microwave-assisted and ultrasonically assisted extraction (MAE, UAE), immunoaffinity(-based) extraction (lAC), and polymer imprinted types of extraction techniques [molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)]." ... 

Xie, Wang, Kang, Hu, Su, Huang, Che, and Guo also reported an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of alkaloids from Stephania sinica The extraction contained the following steps ... 

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides As mentioned earlier, hot water extraction followed by some of the supplementary methods such as microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted tissue degradation techniques will be beneficial for the effective extraction of polysaccharides from botanical material [81-84]. Occasionally, these supplementary methods are employed directly without subjecting the plant material... 

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction Time-efficiency, better extraction efficiency, less solvent consumption, and lower energy consumption High ultrasonic power, longer irradiation time, and high reaction temperature can cause structural changes [71,87,89]... 

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is the other common method that accelerates the extraction process [83]. The principle behind the UAE is similar to MAE, where the cell wall is destroyed by ultrasound that leads to active constituents being leached out from ruptured cells without modifying the polysaccharides. In general, UAE is able to extract polysaccharides at lower temperatures, which is about 25-70 °C at 120/300 W of ultrasonic power [89]. The extraction time is between 5 and 40 min. 

A, acaricide AV, avicide I, insecticide F, fungicide H, herbicide GR, growth regulator N, nematocide R, rodenticide US, ultrasonication LLE, liquid-liquid extraction CU, cleanup ImCU, immuno cleanup SPE, solid-phase extraction MSPD, matrix solid-phase dispersion SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction SD, steam distillation FMSE, focused microwave Soxhiet extraction PFE, pressurized fluid extraction ASE, assisted solvent extraction ScFE, subcritical fluid extraction SFE, supercritical fluid extraction SEC, size-exclusion chromatography LC, liquid chromatography (fraction collection) LTLP, low temperature lipid precipitation. 

The commonly used extraction techniques for organotins are mechanical shaking, ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, or pressurized fluid extraction. Simple mechanical shaking has been used by many testing laboratories, but this has been generally shown to be less effective than the latter three techniques, particularly with respect to recoveries for monosubstituted species. One of the advantages of shaking or ultrasonication is that they... 

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