Extraction basic equipment

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a heterogenous immunoassay. Reactions involve a solid phase to which components are sequentially presented and successively bound. This method is very effective in the determination of the total alkaloid content. The positive characteristics of this method are the use of non-toxic reagents and basic equipment with low costs, a small sample volume and the ability to measure alkaloids in crude sample extracts. According to the literature, compared with results obtained from GLC, the precision of ELISA for quinolizidine alkaloids is not as high as that of the gas chromatography procedure, but is adequate for plant breeding purposes. The use of enzymes in developing the methods of quinolizidine alkaloids analysis looks likely to increase in the future. 

This method, developed at the end of the 19th century, is still the most widely used when organic compounds have to be extracted from solid materials, like dusts, sand, soil, and marine sediments. It is particularly suitable when the organic material is strongly adsorbed on a porous solid matrix. Such a simple method presents several advantages the sample is repeatedly brought into contact with fresh portions of the solvent and no filtration is required after the leaching step, simultaneous extraction in parallel can be performed since the basic equipment is inexpensive, and finally it has the possibility to extract more sample mass than most of the latest methods [microwave extraction,... 

Karabelas, A. J., and Asimakopoulou, A. G. (2006). Process and equipment design for membrane-based extraction Basic considerations. J. Membr. Sci. 272, 78. 

Equipment. The preferred extraction technique in the rare-earth industry uses mixer—setders. There are two basic reasons. The first is the use of relatively... 

This falls into two basic groupings supply air systems and extract systems. The equipment used for both is similar, comprising, as a minimum, a fan and weatherproof cowl, plus ducting, air-treatment equipment and grilles as required. 

The use of SCF as extracting media and mobile phases for chromatography is now commonplace, and SFE and SFC occupy established niches in analytical chemistry. Commercially available instrumentation for SFE and SFC have been available since the mid 1980s. Basic requirements for analytical scale SFE equipment that can perform selective removal or solubilisation of target analytes or analyte classes consist of a... 

Presses are of two basic types hydraulic batch presses and screw presses. Hydraulic presses are used for extracting fruit juices, and screw presses for dewatering materials such as paper pulp, rubbish and manure. The equipment used is described in the handbooks Perry et al. (1997). 

The fields of application of the various types of extraction equipment are also well summarised in Volume 2, Chapter 13. The basic principles of liquid-liquid extraction are covered in several specialist texts Treybal (1980), Robbins (1997), and Humphrey and Keller (1997). 

Water represents one of the most important raw materials used in biopharmaceutical manufacture. It is used as a basic ingredient of fermentation media, and in the manufacture of buffers used throughout product extraction and purification. It represents the solvent in which biopharmaceutical products sold in liquid form are dissolved, and in which freeze-dried biopharmaceuticals will be reconstituted immediately prior to use. It is also used for ancillary processes, such as the cleaning of equipment, piping and product-holding tanks. It is additionally used to clean/rinse the vials into which the final product is filled. 

B. 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyelopentadiene. A mixture of 13 g (0.068 mol) of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and 300 mL of diethyl ether is stirred under argon in a 1-L, three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser and a 250-mL addition funnel. The concentrate from above is added as quickly as possible to the flask from the addition funnel, maintaining a gentle reflux. As the reaction proceeds, a water layer separates. The mixture is stirred for 1 hr after the addition is completed and then washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate until the washings remain basic. The ethereal layer is separated, and the combined aqueous layers are extracted three times with diethyl ether. The combined ethereal layers are dried over sodium sulfate. Diethyl ether is removed by rotary evaporation, and the crude product is distilled under reduced pressure (bp 55-60°C, 13 um) yield 73-75 g (73-75%) (Note 4). 

It has been the purpose of this paper to provide an overview of the basic differences and similarities of the various types of Instruments which detect Ionized particles emitted from surfaces by energetic particle bombardment. Since the scope of secondary ion mass spectrometry Is so broad, It is not surprising that no one Instrument has been designed to perform optimally for all types of SIMS analyses. Design aspects of the primary beam, extraction optics, mass spectrometer, detection equipment and vacuum system must be considered to construct an Instrument best suited for a particular purpose. 

A solution of 100 g potassium hydroxide, 85 ml water, 400 ml ethylene glycol and 9.50 g of N-methyl-N-cyano-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine was prepared in a 1 L three-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer and condenser. The reaction mixture was heated to refluxing temperature (130°C) for 20 h, and was then cooled. 500 ml of water were added. The reaction mixture was extracted with three 500 ml portions of ether. The ether extracts were combined, and the combined extracts washed with water. The water wash was discarded. The ether solution was next contacted with 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The acidic aqueous layer was separated. A second aqueous acidic extract with 2 N hydrochloric acid was made followed by three aqueous extracts and an extract with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The aqueous layers were all combined and made basic with 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. N-Methyl-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine, formed in the above reaction, was insoluble in the basic solution and separated. The amine was extracted into ether. Two further ether extractions were carried out. The ether extracts were combined, and the combined extracts washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride and then dried. Evaporation of the ether in vacuo yielded about 6.3 g of N-methyl-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine. 

Basically, the equipment is a standard Wicke-Kallenbach cell, except that provision is made for introducing a pulse of the trace component on one face of the porous sample, i.e. z=0. However the design does have to take into consideration the need to calibrate the detection unit for lags in the system.This does not seem to have been carried out in other work reported which used this technique. Failure to make this correction can lead to significant errors in the values of the diffusion coefficient which are extracted from the experimental data e.g. see Fig.l. 

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