Extraction airborne particulate

In the PO-CL system, the compounds showing native fluorescence or that fluoresce after chemical derivatization can be detected. As examples of the PO-CL detection of native fluorescence compounds, dipyridamole and benzydamine in rat plasma [57] and fluphenazine [58] have been reported in the former method, the detection limits of dipyridamole and benzydamine were 345 pM and 147 nM in plasma, respectively. Diamino- and aminopyrenes were sensitively determined using TCPO and their detection limits were in the sub-fmol range [59], Carcinogenic compounds such as 1- nitropyrene and its metabolites, can also be determined by the HPLC-PO-CL system. Nonfluorescent nitropyrenes were converted into the corresponding fluorescent aminopyrenes by online reduction on a Zn column followed by detection 2-50-fmol detection limits were achieved in the determination of ethanol extracts from airborne particulates (Fig. 13) [60],... 

Airborne particulate matter may be associated with many carcinogenic and other toxic agents. Hazardous materials include coal dust, fly-ash from power stations, metals and metal oxides from mining, extraction and refining and materials used as catalysts in industrial processes, as well as particulate matter from, for example, diesel exhausts. 

Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS [49]) prior to analysis of the three primary active components of cannabis (THC, cannabidiol and cannabinol) by this technique, airborne particulates were extracted in an ultrasonic bath with chloroform. The extracts were combined and concentrated under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was filtered through pre-washed disposable PTFE membranes, dried and finally reconstituted with cyclohexane. After separation and solvent partitioning, the extracts were analysed by GC-MS/MS. 

Fig. 5 Top. Diagram flow of the procedure adopted by Cecinato et al. [37, 46] to determine psychotropic substances. Bottom-. Drug detection through GC-MSD (EI-SIM) analysis of an airborne particulate organic extract, highly polar fraction. (Rome, 2006)...

Since the initial discovery of the mutagenicity of air samples in 1977, most of the research has focused on genotoxicity of organic extracts of the airborne particulate matter. However, this emphasis has been shifting and there is increasing interest in, and concern over, the vapor-phase mutagenicity of urban atmospheres and its toxicological implications. We discuss here examples of some of the studies in which bacterial assays have been used to help in the identification of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs and PACs in ambient air. 

Greenberg, A., Y. Wang, F. B. Darack, R. Harkov, J. B. Louis, and T. Atherholt, Biologically-Directed Fractionation of Four Seasonal Extracts of Airborne Particulates and Related Chemical Studies, Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., I, 233-250 (1990). 

Savard, S., R. Otson, G. R. Douglas, Mutagenicity and Chemical Analysis of Sequential Organic Extracts of Airborne Particulates, Mutat. Res., 276, 101-115 (1992). 

Tokiwa, H., S. Kitamori, K. Takahashi, and Y. Ohnishi, Mutagenic and Chemical Assay of Extracts of Airborne Particulates, Mutat. Res., 77, 99-108 (1980). 

Collection of airborne particulates in workplace atmospheres can be achieved effectively by a variety of filtering media which are amenable to use with personal sampling devices. Extraction of the particulates from the filters with suitable solvents results in solutions which may then be analyzed by the developed analytical technique. 

Three commercially available filtering media were evaluated for the collection of airborne particulates of the organoarsenical compounds. These were cellulose ester, Fluoropore, and Mitex membrane filters. The evaluation was based on the following requirements l) the collection medium must quantitatively collect the particulates 2) the collection medium must be capable of. retaining the compounds without loss or chemical change before analysis 3) the collected species must be extracted quantitatively from the collection medium for analysis and b) the method must be efficient at temperatures up to 50°C and a relative humidity of... 

At this point it should be remarked that multivariate regression with latent variables is a useful tool for describing the relationship between complex processes and/or features in the environment. A specific example is the prediction of the relationship between the hydrocarbon profile in samples of airborne particulate matter and other variables, e.g. extractable organic material, carbon preference index of the n-alkane homologous series, and particularly mutagenicity. The predictive power was between 68% and 81% [ARMANINO et al., 1993]. VONG [1993] describes a similar example in which the method of PLS regression was used to compare rainwater data with different emission source profiles. 

Iwatsuki, M., T. Kyotani, and K. Matsubara. 1998. Fractional determination of elemental carbon and total soluble and insoluble organic compounds in airborne particulate matter by thermal analysis combined with extraction and heavy liquid separation. Anal. Sci. 14 321-326. 

Golden and Sawicki [17] studied ultrasonic extraction of almost all of the polar compounds from airborne particulate material collected on Hi-Vol filters. Full recovery of PAH and good reproducibility were achieved. Total analysis time was approximately 1.5 hours. The same research group also reported a sonication procedure for the extraction of total particulate aromatic hydrocarbon (TpAH) from airborne particles collected on glass fiber filters [18]. Significantly higher recovery of TpAH and PAH were achieved by 40 minutes of sonication than by 6 to 8 hours of Soxhlet extraction. 

The transfer of ions as pairs from one phase to a second is important in pre-analy tical extractive strategies. Ion-pair extraction of amines with bis-2-ethylhexylphosphate and derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate prior to GC-MS analysis was expedient for the simultaneous determination of aliphatic and aromatic amines in ambient air and airborne particulate matters [25]. The determination of 5-aminoimidazole-... 

Methods for Particulates and Gases. For determining the organic content of particulates we have found the usual method of collecting airborne particulates on specially cleaned fiberglass filters to be suitable. The particulate filters then are extracted and the organic extract can be further partitioned by the above scheme or analyzed without any separation. SHALE OIL... 

Ultrasonic extraction is especially efficient with environmental and industrial hygiene samples however, in addition to the inapplicability to the extraction of some metals and the inability to quantitatively extract heavy metals from very large bulk environmental samples [14,15], ultrasounds occasionally produce ionic species that were absent from the original sample. The new species give unidentified signals that yield spurious analytical results such is the case with the extraction of ionic species from airborne particulate matter [23], where the new ions formed prevent accurate determination of those initially present in the sample. 

Golden C, Sawicki E. 1978. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates material by ultrasonic extraction and reverse phase pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Lett 11 1051-1062. 

Figure 1. Chromatograms of airborne particulate extracts (A) and NPAHs standard (B)...

NPAHs in airborne particulates collected at a heavy traffic road site in Kanazawa, Japan were analyzed. Fig. 1 shows chromatograms of (A) benzene-ethanol extracts from airborne particulates and (B) 21 standard NPAHs. All NPAHs except for 10-NBA were detected in the extracts. The total atmospheric concentrations of NPAHs were 3.85 pg/m and this value was 1.7 times higher than that obtained by the previous method (2.28 pg/m ). Nine newly determined NPAHs were measured. The new NPAHs and their atmospheric concentrations (in pg/m ) were 3-NBA (0.01), 5-NAc (0.28), 4-NPh (0.09), 9-NPh (0.34), 2-NA (0.25), 9-NA (0.20), 3-NFR (0.22),... 

Pd Airborne particulate matter, automobile catalysts UV—Vis 0.007 mg L 4 45 Zone stopping/liquid-liquid extraction [147]... 

A.N. Anthemidis, D.G. Themelis, J.A. Stratis, Stopped-flow injection liquid-liquid extraction spectrophotometric determination of palladium in airborne particulate matter and automobile catalysts, Talanta 54 (2001) 37. 

Samples are filtered through a quartz filter and drowned through a SPE cartridge packed with functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene. PCBs are eluted with n-hexane. Airborne particulate matter is microwave extracted in using 15 ml hexane—acetone (1 1) mixture... 

Biran R, Tang Y, Brook JR, Vincent R and Keeler GJ (1996) Aqueous extraction of airborne particulate matter collected on hi-vol Teflon filters. 

Jaward TM, Zhang G, Nam JJ, Sweetman AJ, Obbard JP, Kobara Y, Jones KC (2005) Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across Asia Environ Sci Technol 39 8638-8645 Karthikeyan S, Balasubramanian R, See SW (2006) Optimization and validation of a low temperature microwave-assisted extraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter. Talanta 69 79-86 Koziol AS, Pudykiewicz JA (2001) Global-scale environmental transport of persistent organic pollutants. Chemosphere 45 1181-1200... 

Many procedures report the contribution of ultrasounds or microwaves to quantitatively extract the trapped compounds. For example, a low temperature microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE) was reported to determine PAHs in airborne particulate matter (Karthikeyan et al. 2006). The procedure requires a... 

Recently, two interesting reviews on this kind of substances and the recent methodologies developed for their analysis in several matrices have been published, one of them focused on extraction and clean-up strategies in environmental and human samples (van Leeuwen and de Boer 2007) whereas the other one included outdoor and indoor air as well as airborne particulate matter and dust (Jahnke and Berger 2009). 

Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., Aranda-Rodriguez, R., and Buykx, S. E., Development and validation of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of selected metal ions in airborne particulate matter after sequential extraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., ill, 467-472, 2002. 

The application of GC-MS to PAH-analysis will allow considerable simplification of the work-up procedure. As far as solubility and dynamic range considerations will permit, the major PAH in airborne particulate matter samples can be accurately measured in the electron impact single or multiple ion monitoring mode, using the molecular ions of the respective PAH as specific ions, in the presence of much larger amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids. Polar and ionic material is first removed from the combined benzene-methanol extract by liquid-liquid partition in water-diethylether. After drying, the addition of diazomethane results in derivatisation of the acidic components and the sample can be injected onto the column (Van Vaeck and Van Cauwenberghe (30)). 

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