Extract, fermentable

Other Methods. Instant tea may also be prepared by directiy extracting fermented leaf before the firing stage. These processes, only suited for practice in the tea-growing countries, have been carried out on a small scale in Sri Lanka, India, and Kenya (101). 

Figure 2.5 Possible technological solutions to bioprocess problems a) Fed-batch culture b) Continuous product removal (eg dialysis, vacuum fermentation, solvent extraction, ion exchange etc) c) Two-phase system combined with extractive fermentation (liquid-impelled loop reactor) d) Continuous culture, internal multi-stage reactor e) Continuous culture, dual-stream multi-stage reactor f) Continuous culture with biomass feedback (cell recycling). (See text for further details).

Busche, R. M., and Allen, B. R., Technoeconomics of Butanol Extractive Fermentation in a Multiphase Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 20/21 357 (1989)... 

Yabannavar, V.M. and Wang, D.I.C. 1991. Extractive fermentation for lactic acid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 37, 1095-1100. 

Extractive fermentations and biotransformations could be a good example of these. Also, combinations of chemical reaction(s) with separation could have a synergy effect for the production part of technology enhancing its rate and yield. 

Kondo, K., Otono, T. and Matsumoto, M. (2004) Preparation of microcapsules containing extractants and the application of the microcapsules to the extractive fermentation of lactic acid. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 37, 1. 

Wu, Z.T. and Yang, S.T. (2003) Extractive fermentation for butyric add production from glucose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 82, 93. 

Lactic acid can be produced from a petrochemical route or from fermentation (6,7). The petrochemical route can only produce racemic mixtures of lactic acid, whereas fermentation canproduce optically pure isomer. D(-)-Lactic acid is toxic and must be limited in animal feeds (8), and an optically pure lactic acid is required to produce a specific PLA (9). In addition, fermentation utilizes renewable resources thatmake fermentationmore attractive than the petrochemical route. Extractive fermentation, which couples fermentation with on-line product removal, can eliminate end product inhibition and increase product yield, final product concentration, and reactor productivity. A number of extractive fermentation methods have been reported in the literature, including solvent extraction (10-12), precipitation (13), electrodialysis (14,15), adsorptionby ion-exchange resin (16-18), and an aqueous two-phase system (19-20). 

Optimizing the ABE fermentation process has long been the aspiration of more than a century of research. Conventionally, the profitability of fermentation is influenced by the type and concentration of substrate, dilution rate, pH, culture medium, and product recovery. Even using cell recycle, cell immobilization, or extractive fermentation to increase cell density and productivity, the yield of the combined ABE production never exceeded 0.44 g/g (13-15). 

Schorr-Galindo, S., Ghommidh, C., and Guiraud, J.P., Influence of yeast flocculation on the rate of Jerusalem artichoke extract fermentation, Curr. Microbiol., 41, 89-95, 2000. 

Arthur Humphrey Integration is key here. I say that because I m stunned to hear Jim Douglas talk about these new separatory reactors. We heard about the first extractive fermentation in 1970, assuming that you will consider a fermentation a reaction. Even the first volume of Richardson and Coulson has an example of choosing the optimum ratio of extractant to reactant. I don t think that s new. 

Provide a full description of the method used in the isolation (e.g., synthesis, extraction, fermentation, recombinant DNA procedures) and purification of the drug substance. 

Fig. 10.11 Chromatogram of wine extract fermented with H2S. The first peaks with retention times recorded are for the compounds c/5-/fra 5-3,5-dimethyl-l,2,4-tiithiolane, and after cis-/tmns-3,6-dimethyl-l,2,4,5-tetrathiane...

Chemical synthesis Natural product extraction Fermentation... 

Solichien MS, O Brien D, Hammond EG, and Glatz CE. Membrane-based extractive fermentation to produce propionic and acetic acids Toxicity and mass transfer considerations. Enzyme Microbial Technol, 1995 17(1) 23-31. 

Membrane contactor offers potential solution in a wide range of gas/liquid and liquid/liquid applications gas adsorption and stripping, liquid/liquid extraction, dense gas extraction, fermentation and enzymatic transformation, pharmaceutical applications, protein extraction, wastewater treatment, chiral separations, semiconductor manufacturing, carbonation of beverages, metal ion extraction, protein extraction, and VOCs removal from waste gas [55]. 

Base notes contribute to the intrinsic taste of culinary products. This can be achieved by using basic savoury ingredients such as meat extract, bone-stock, yeast extract, fermented soy sauce, wheat gluten sauce, vegetable powders, herbs and spices. They provide a complex mixture of taste-active and taste-modifying compounds, some of them still unknown, in a typical and balanced composition. The basic taste can be... 

Analysis plant extracts.fermented products and pharmaceutical preparations (Table 9.1 and 9.11)... 

Chen, R. and Lee, Y.Y. 1997. Membrane-mediated extractive fermentation for lactic acid production from cellulosic biomass. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 63 435-448. 

The effect of pressure on biphasic fermentations has been reported for extremely thermophilic organisms (34), supercritical and compressed solvent extractions (35-37), biomethanation of synthesis gases (38), biohydrogenations (39), and bacteria for enhanced oil recovery (40). Fermentation in the presence of compressed and SCF CO2 has been conducted with a goal of using pressurized CO2 as an in situ extraction solvent. Extractive fermentation using compressed solvents could prevent toxicity due to the buildup of a fermentation product—in particular, ethanol—and greatly enhance the yield... 

Although CO2 is inhibitory to microbes, compressed hydrocarbon solvents may be appropriate for extractive bioconversions and extractions in biphasic (aqueous-compressed solvent) systems. Our laboratory investigated the metabolic activity of the anaerobic, thermophilic bacteria Clostridium ther-mocellum as a model system (45). Thermophilic bacteria have a distinct advantage over conventional yeasts for ethanol production in their ability to use a variety of inexpensive biomass feedstocks. Extractive fermentation using compressed solvents is an approach to address the end-product toxicity of these bacteria to ethanol and improve the economic viability of biofuel production by thermophilic organisms. 

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