External liabilities

Failure costs - Internal failure costs are essentially the cost of failures identified and rectified before the final product gets to the external customer, such as rework, scrap, design changes. External failure costs include product recall, warranty and product liability claims. 

Such sentinel workflow uses a prediction to select compounds for a more expensive screen that can confirm predicted hazards (liabilities, such as toxicity). It is, provably, the best workflow in contexts where a low prevalence of the hazard is anticipated, and where there is a backstop means further downstream (e.g., preclinical toxicity testing) for detecting hazards before humans are exposed. This workflow then allows the compounds predicted as safe to bypass the expensive hazards screen, without unacceptable risk, and can add significant value in terms of external screening costs or avoiding use of what may be a bottleneck resource. 

The third approach is to install an external monitoring system that can detect the presence of the stored chemical in or on the groundwater or in the backfill and soil surrounding the tank system. In many instances both internal and external methods are used in conjunction as a way to increase the liability of detection. 

Physico-chemical properties and evaluation of potential safety liabilities are important aspects of the library design process. Predicted properties like hERG liability (45), compound aqueous solubility, etc. (46-48) have been extensively studied and included in various library design strategies (49, 50) as a part of multiple constraints optimisation. We have therefore further extended the ProSAR concept to take the library property profile into account in the design process. Several in-house calculated properties are considered these include a compound novelty check (that checks in in-house and external compound databases to see if the compound is novel), predicted aqueous solubility... 

In the legal arena, patients who commit violence may be able to use akathisia as an exculpatory or mitigating factor. In cases of suicide and violence, product liability suits may be brought against drug manufacturers who fail to warn that their products cause akathisia and that akathisia is associated with potentially disastrous consequences. The existence of akathisia in the absence of external movements can be a critical diagnostic issue. 

Contracts of supply should exist for all computer systems acquired from external suppliers. The contract should include terms and conditions to dehne individual responsibihties, the assigmnent of responsibilities to third parties, conhdentiality, intellectual property rights (IPR), and terms of payment. It is very important that infringements, liabilities, and insurance are also covered, and it is determined how these are affected by circumstances outside the control of the customer and the supplier. Contract details should be reviewed during Supplier Audits as appropriate. Contract documentation should be retained as specifically required by some regulatory requirements in support of validation. 

Section 6.2.3 is called Total Cost Assessment Looking at All the Costs Involved with a Decision. Traditional decision-making typically focuses on direct and indirect costs that appear on the balance sheet. The TCA model defines three additional cost types, contingent liabilities and internal and external intangibles. A methodology for developing total costs related to environmental impacts is discussed. 

Review of the effect of external factors on costs and returns on pharmaceutical R D, including new drug regulation, tax policy, product liability law, direct R D subsidies by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other government research bodies, and reimbursement policies (both private and public) for prescription drugs. 

Safety hazards if relevant, i.e. internally and externally, including pack—product liability. 

A significant form of event risk is litigation risk. Once considered to be confined to the tobacco sector, litigation risk is now threatening industrial goods firms (asbestos liability) to auto manufacturers (Firestone tyre recall). In the current environment, no sector looks immnne from these types of external shocks. Technological risk affects bnsinesses that carry a substantial exposure to the future direction of technology development. The sectors that are affected consist predominantly of telecom operators and OEM. 

A different consequence of coal oxidation is the development of spontaneous combustion (Chapters 9 and 14), when the heat generated by in situ oxidation canses the coal to smolder and nltimately bnrn without any external heat source. The liability to oxidation is mainly determined by the coal s rank, in conjunction perhaps with the maceral content (Chapter 4) and the content of mineral matter (Chapter 7). Low-rank coal is particularly prone to spontaneous combustion and factors, snch as access of air to coal stockpiles, may need to be controlled to reduce the ever-present risk of spontaneous ignition and combustion. 

The difference in safety levels can be traced to many differences between the two systems, including the nature of the systems (variety of demand and the nature of flow through the systems), resources (variety of equipment and the degree of proceduralisation), the natme of hazards and defences (especially variety and controllability and external defences), the nature of external constraints (political intervention and individual liability) and the nature of the organisational and professional cultures (variety of subcultures, attitude to error and occurrence reporting and dominant cultural influencers, e g. controllers). 

The bill requires that even accidents that are excluded for all practical purposes, should not necessitate any incisive external emergency measures in case these accidents happen. In addition, the bill raises nuclear accident liability insurance levels, and modifies the role of the Federal Government in promoting nuclear energy. 

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