Radiation exposure standards

Radiation exposure standards, at nuclear power facilities, 17 551-554 Radiation furnaces, 12 292-295 Radiation hazards, of niobium, 17 144 Radiation heating, in thermal bonding, 17 511... 

To ensure that during normal operation, maintenance and decommissioning, and in emergency situations, the radiation exposure to workers and the public is kept below the dose limits given in the Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (BSS). The standards are set at a maximum of 5 REM annually and a maximum of 3 REM quarterly. 

Nuclear power facility safety, 77 531-561 assessment of, 77 538-542 basic principles of, 77 533-536 characteristics of, 7 7 542-551 design of, 77 536-542 first barrier in, 7 7 536-537 fourth barrier in, 77 538 future of, 77 554-557 operational, 77 538 radiation exposure and health standards, 77 551-554 second barrier in, 7 7 537 third barrier in, 77 537-538 Nuclear power plants... 

The unit of radiation exposure is the roentgen (R). It is a historical unit of the exposure and characterizes the radiation incident on an absorbing material without regard to the character of the absorber. The unit was formalized in 1928 as The amount of radiation which produces one electrostatic unit of ions (esu), either positive or negative, per cubic centimeter of air at standard temperature and pressure. Translated in modem units ... 

The chemical paradigm also differs from the radiation paradigm in that there are no standards that apply to all controlled sources of exposure and all hazardous substances combined, as in radiation protection standards. Regulations for hazardous chemicals generally apply only to specific release pathways (eg., the atmosphere) or... 

But genetic risks to the population did not become a major consideration in determining acceptable radiation doses until after World War II. Before then, exposure standards... 

When designing a radiopharmaceutical one should have in mind the potential hazard the product may have to the patient. The goal must be to have maximum amounts of photons with a minimum radiation exposure of the patient. For use in therapy, P emitters and a emitters are particularly useful. For diagnostic purposes, y emitters are most widely used. In general, those y emitters with a short physical half-life and with a y energy between 100 and 300 keV are most widely used in medical application, since these can easily be detected by standard y cameras. 

Calculations show that maximum annual effective population exposure dose at the boundary of Sanitary Protection Area (500 meters from radioactive release point) will be 37 mSv under the hypothetical accident related to spontaneous nuclear reaction. It will not be the necessity to evacuate the population in accordance to Radiation Safety Standards (NRB -99). Collective radiation doses for population will not exceed the annual dose of this region received from natural radiation background. 

For children exposed to cesium-137 and thallium, Prussian blue is administered. Prussian blue enhances the excretion of these agents in the stool, thereby decreasing radiation exposure (Chung Shannon, 2005). The dosage for Prussian blue is 3-10 g/day by mouth (0.21-0.32 g/kg/day) (Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health National Center for Disaster Preparedness, 2005). Complications and side effects from the radiation exposure will require the standard treatment. 

To control the radiation exposure of workers, medical patients and the public, many countries have developed laws, which are supported by administrative measures and enforced by inspectors. Equally important is to have internationally agreed standards. 

The Standards draw upon information derived from extensive research and development work by scientific and engineering organisations, at national and international levels, on the health effects of radiation and techniques for the safe design and operation of radiation sources and upon experience in many countries in the use of radiation and nuclear techniques. The United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), a body set up by the United Nations in 1955, compiles, assesses and disseminates information on the health effects of radiation and on levels of radiation exposure due to different sources this information was taken into account in developing the Standards. Purely scientific considerations, however, are only part of the basis for decisions on protection and safety, and the Standards implicitly encourage decision-makers to make value judgements about the relative importance of risks of different kinds and about the balancing of risks and benefits. 

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