Applicators exposure

The typical differential scanning colorimetric (DSC) traces shown in Figure 9.2 compare the thermal transitions of similar low-DEG-content PEN and PET resins. The fact that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEN is 45-50 °C higher than that of PET has a major influence on the processing and performance of PEN applications. In addition, the fact that PEN S Tg is 20-25 °C above the boiling point of water has a significant effect on the thermal stability potential of many hot, aqueous exposure applications. 

In treating some closed interiors with aerosols, it may be necessary to limit the time of application. In this case the particle size must be large enough to settle out in the time available. A 10- to 15-minute exposure time is the minimum for satisfactory results. An aerosol spray having a mass median diameter of 15 to 30 microns is sufficient for the short-exposure applications, but will not penetrate so completely as the smaller particle size. Furthermore, aerosols of this size must be released from more than one point if the radius of the area is more than 15 feet. When heat from thermal generators causes excess breakdown of the insecticide, equipment that produces larger particle sizes must be used. 

Dai G et al (2008) Importance of characterizing determinants of variability in exposure application to dasatinib in subjects with chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Pharmacol 48(11) 1254-1269... 

While information on uses is available (Mannsville Chemical Products Corporation 1999), specific information on uses in certain potentially high exposure applications is either changing or lacking. Specifically, information on the use of DEHP in food contact applications such as coatings used in cans, bottle caps, and films would allow a better estimation of potential exposures from food. Currently, the only information available is that these applications are allowed by FDA rules, but it is unclear if DEHP is used. 

Kintz, P., V. Cirimele, C. Jamey, and B. Ludes. Testing for GHB in Hair by GC/MS/MS after a Single Exposure. Application to document sexual assault. Journal of Forensic Science 48 (1) (2003) 195-200. 

Grimson RC. 1987. Apportionment of risk among environmental exposures Application to asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking. J Occup Med 29 253-255. 

The principal toxicities observed in animals acutely or subacutely exposed to diesel are dermal irritation by the dermal route and renal toxicity, liver toxicity, and CNS depression from all routes of exposure. Application of marine diesel fuel to the skin of mice resulted in ulceration and in diesel fuel-induced chromosomal aberrations on bone marrow cells of rats. 

Sudakin, D, L, Horowitz, Z and Giffin, S. (2002), Regional variations in the incidence of symptomatic pesticide exposures Applications of geographic information systems. Clin. Toxicol. 6,167-m. 

Polar stabilizer molecules are not compatible with nonpolar POs, leading to the potential of migration and extraction losses, especially with low-molecular-weight monomeric stabilizers. However, for intense outdoor exposure applications, it might be desirable to use stabilizers that migrate toward the surface of the product. It is near the surface where their effects are most needed, but these low-weight molecules can bloom and be lost over time, or be absorbed or adsorbed by fillers such as calcium carbonate or talc. Thus, a more reactive but more extractable HALS such as HALS-1 may be less effective than a less-reartive but more soluble HALS, like HALS-2 [4-7]. 

Metallic flakes are often used for decorative effect in transparent spray gelcoats. These are sometimes unsuitable for exterior exposure applications and advice should be sought from manufacturers. An effective UV absorber is required because of the potential for yellowing of the clear gelcoat matrix. 

Frequently, fabricators or their customers will ask a manufacturer how long a coloured gelcoat will last in an exterior exposure application. Such a question is, of course, unanswerable because all materials change in time, and who is to say when a user will find a change unacceptable Additionally, apart from climatic effects, there are numerous other factors that will affect the rate of change and which are not in the hands of the gelcoat... 

Duration of exposure, application of stress and adhesive viscoelasticity. 

The latter mechanism is, however, challenged by the experiments of Moody et al. [166-170]. These investigators held dermatomed skin specimens in Bronaugh Teflon flow-through-type in vitro diffusion cells with an aqueous receiver solution pumped under the skin to simulate blood flow. At 24 h post-exposure (application of 50-100 jL volume of commercial formulation in an acetone vehicle distributed onto each 0.064 cm skin area), a cotton batten Q-tip wet with soapy water was inserted into the chamber and gently rotated to wash the skin. 

The fluorescent UV testers make use of different lamps with different spectra for different exposure applications. Developed in the 1970s, they use an approach different from that of the arc testers. The fluorescent UV testers do not attempt to reproduce sunlight itself, only the damaging effects of sunlight. Since the short-wavelength UV causes all of the damage to durable materials exposed outdoors, this approach is effective. Consequently, fluorescent UV testers confine their primary light emission to the UV portion of the spectrum. 

The styrene-ethylene-butylene-sytrene (SEES) rubbers are either pure or oil-modified block copolymer rubbers. They are used as performance modifiers in blends with thermoplastics or as a base rubber for adhesive, sealant, or coating formulation. These rubbers exhibit excellent resistance to ozone. If used for prolonged outdoor exposure applications it is recommended that a UV absorber or carbon black or both be added. 

Type 414 stainless steel is resistant to mild atmospheric corrosion, fresh water, and mild chemical exposures. Applications include high-strength... 

The consequences of localized corrosion can be a great deal more severe than uniform corrosion, generally because the failure occurs without warning and after a surprisingly short period of use or exposure. Application of the five basic principles needs greater thought and insight. 

II-2] INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, Protection from Potential Exposures Application to Selected Radiation Sources, Publication 76, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1997). 

CSTEE concluded a wide ranging ban is not scientifically justified Target high exposure applications... 

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